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The following is an extract from the University of Liverpool's Notes for Guidance of Boards of Examiners dated 15th February 1993, on Cheating, Plagiarism and Collusion.

Cases of suspected cheating in written examinations will be dealt initially by the Advisory Board on Discipline. Suspicion of plagiarism or collusion will be considered by the Board of Examiners. If the Board of Examiners decides that plagiarism has taken place, the Board shall have the discretion to award the marks (if any) which it thinks appropriate in the light of the gravity and extent of the plagiarism involved.

Cheating includes:

(i) communication with or copying from any other student during an examination;

(ii) communicating during an examination with any person other than a properly unauthorised invigilator or other authorised member of staff;

(iii) introducing any written or printed material into the examination room, unless expressly permitted by the examination board or course regulations;

(iv) introducing any electronically stored information into the examination room, unless expressly permitted by the examination board or course regulations;

(v) gaining access to unauthorised material during or before an examination;

(vi) the provision or assistance in the provision of false evidence of knowledge or understanding in examinations.

Plagiarism includes:

The representation of the work, written or otherwise, of any other person, including another student, or any institution, as the candidate's own. Examples of plagiarism may be any of the following forms:-

(i) the verbatim copying of another's work without acknowledgement;

(ii) close paraphrasing of another's work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without acknowledgement;

(iii) unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another's work;

(iv) deliberate and detailed presentation of another's concept as one's own.

Collusion includes:

The conscious collaboration, without official approval, between two or more students in the preparation and production of work which is ultimately submitted by each in an identical, or substantially similar form and/or is represented by each to be the product of his or her individual efforts. Collusion also occurs where there is unauthorised co-operation between a student and another person in the preparation and production of work which is presented as the student's own.

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