Publications
2023
Clinical predictors of encephalitis in UK adults-A multi-centre prospective observational cohort study.
Defres, S., Tharmaratnam, K., Michael, B. D., Ellul, M., Davies, N. W. S., Easton, A., . . . Solomon, T. (2023). Clinical predictors of encephalitis in UK adults-A multi-centre prospective observational cohort study.. PloS one, 18(8), e0282645. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282645
Effects of sleep disturbance on dyspnoea and impaired lung function following hospital admission due to COVID-19 in the UK: a prospective multicentre cohort study
Jackson, C., Stewart, I., Plekhanova, T., Cunningham, P. S., Hazel, A. L., Al-Sheklly, B., . . . PHOSP-COVID, S. C. G. (2023). Effects of sleep disturbance on dyspnoea and impaired lung function following hospital admission due to COVID-19 in the UK: a prospective multicentre cohort study. LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE, 11(8), 673-684. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00124-8
Determinants of recovery from post-COVID-19 dyspnoea: analysis of UK prospective cohorts of hospitalised COVID-19 patients and community-based controls
Zheng, B., Vivaldi, G., Daines, L., Leavy, O. C., Richardson, M., Elneima, O., . . . Zongo, O. (2023). Determinants of recovery from post-COVID-19 dyspnoea: analysis of UK prospective cohorts of hospitalised COVID-19 patients and community-based controls. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 29, 100635. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100635
Prevalence of physical frailty, including risk factors, up to 1 year after hospitalisation for COVID-19 in the UK: a multicentre, longitudinal cohort study
McAuley, H. J. C., Evans, R. A., Bolton, C. E., Brightling, C. E., Chalmers, J. D., Docherty, A. B., . . . Zongo, O. (2023). Prevalence of physical frailty, including risk factors, up to 1 year after hospitalisation for COVID-19 in the UK: a multicentre, longitudinal cohort study. eClinicalMedicine, 57, 101896. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101896
SARS-CoV-2-specific nasal IgA wanes 9 months after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and is not induced by subsequent vaccination
Liew, F., Talwar, S., Cross, A., Willett, B. J., Scott, S., Logan, N., . . . Openshaw, P. J. M. (2023). SARS-CoV-2-specific nasal IgA wanes 9 months after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and is not induced by subsequent vaccination. EBIOMEDICINE, 87. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104402
2022
Increased volume of cerebral oedema is associated with risk of acute seizure activity and adverse neurological outcomes in encephalitis - regional and volumetric analysis in a multi-centre cohort (vol 22, 412, 2022)
Alam, A. M., Chen, J. P. K., Wood, G. K., Facer, B., Bhojak, M., Das, K., . . . Michael, B. D. (2022). Increased volume of cerebral oedema is associated with risk of acute seizure activity and adverse neurological outcomes in encephalitis - regional and volumetric analysis in a multi-centre cohort (vol 22, 412, 2022). BMC NEUROLOGY, 22(1). doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02995-6
Increased volume of cerebral oedema is associated with risk of acute seizure activity and adverse neurological outcomes in encephalitis – regional and volumetric analysis in a multi-centre cohort
Alam, A. M., Chen, J. P. K., Wood, G. K., Facer, B., Bhojak, M., Das, K., . . . Michael, B. D. (n.d.). Increased volume of cerebral oedema is associated with risk of acute seizure activity and adverse neurological outcomes in encephalitis – regional and volumetric analysis in a multi-centre cohort. BMC Neurology, 22(1). doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02926-5
Acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis: development and validation of clinical prediction models from two independent prospective multicentre cohorts
Wood, G. K., Babar, R., Ellul, M. A., Thomas, R. H., Van Den Tooren, H., Easton, A., . . . Michael, B. D. (2022). Acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis: development and validation of clinical prediction models from two independent prospective multicentre cohorts. BMJ Neurology Open, 4(2), e000323. doi:10.1136/bmjno-2022-000323
Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study
Evans, R. A., Leavy, O. C., Richardson, M., Elneima, O., McAuley, H. J. C., Shikotra, A., . . . Brightling, C. E. (2022). Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study. LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE, 10(8), 761-775. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00127-8
Clinical management of community-acquired meningitis in adults in the UK and Ireland in 2017: a retrospective cohort study on behalf of the National Infection Trainees Collaborative for Audit and Research (NITCAR)
Ellis, J., Harvey, D., Defres, S., Chandna, A., MacLachlan, E., Solomon, T., . . . Natl, A. M. M. N. (2022). Clinical management of community-acquired meningitis in adults in the UK and Ireland in 2017: a retrospective cohort study on behalf of the National Infection Trainees Collaborative for Audit and Research (NITCAR). BMJ OPEN, 12(7). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062698
Prognostic indicators and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients with neurological disease: An individual patient data meta-analysis
Singh, B., Lant, S., Cividini, S., Cattrall, J. W. S., Goodwin, L. C., Benjamin, L., . . . Solomon, T. (2022). Prognostic indicators and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients with neurological disease: An individual patient data meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 17(6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263595
A patient satisfaction survey and educational package to improve the care of people hospitalised with COVID-19: a quality improvement project, Liverpool, UK
Ahmad, M. S., Hicks, S. R., Watson, R., Ahmed, R. A., Jones, L., Vaselli, M., . . . Wingfield, T. (2022). A patient satisfaction survey and educational package to improve the care of people hospitalised with COVID-19: a quality improvement project, Liverpool, UK. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17163.2
Acute seizure risk in encephalitis; analysis and modelling of 436 patients from two independent multi-centre cohorts
Wood, G., Ellul, M., Thomas, R., Easton, A., Burnside, G., Dunai, C., . . . Michael, B. (2022). Acute seizure risk in encephalitis; analysis and modelling of 436 patients from two independent multi-centre cohorts. In NEUROLOGY Vol. 98. Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
2021
Understanding and improving the outcome of encephalitis in the UK
Defres, S. (2021, November 13). Understanding and improving the outcome of encephalitis in the UK.
Understanding and improving the outcome of encephalitis in the UK
Defres, S. (2021, November 13). Understanding and improving the outcome of encephalitis in the UK.
Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study
Evans, R. A., McAuley, H., Harrison, E. M., Shikotra, A., Singapuri, A., Sereno, M., . . . Brightling, C. E. (2021). Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE, 9(11), 1275-1287. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0
Protocol for DexEnceph: a randomised controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis.
Whitfield, T., Fernandez, C., Davies, K., Defres, S., Griffiths, M., Hooper, C., . . . Solomon, T. (2021). Protocol for DexEnceph: a randomised controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis.. BMJ open, 11(7), e041808. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041808
What do people hospitalised with COVID-19 think about their care? Results of a satisfaction survey during the first wave of COVID-19 in Liverpool.
Wu, M. -S., Watson, R., Hayat, F., Ratcliffe, L., Beadsworth, M. B., McKenna, M., . . . Wingfield, T. (2021). What do people hospitalised with COVID-19 think about their care? Results of a satisfaction survey during the first wave of COVID-19 in Liverpool.. Future healthcare journal, 8(1), e70-e75. doi:10.7861/fhj.2020-0260
2020
INTERVENTIONS AGAINST CORONAVIRUS What do people hospitalised with covid-19 think about the care they received?
Wu, M. -S., Hayat, F., Ratcliffe, L., Beadsworth, M. B. J., Defres, S., & Wingfield, T. (2020). INTERVENTIONS AGAINST CORONAVIRUS What do people hospitalised with covid-19 think about the care they received?. BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 370. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3496
Neurological associations of COVID-19
Ellul, M. A., Benjamin, L., Singh, B., Lant, S., Michael, B. D., Easton, A., . . . Solomon, T. (2020). Neurological associations of COVID-19. LANCET NEUROLOGY, 19(9), 767-783. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0
Neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes in encephalitis: A multi-centre case-control study.
Harris, L., Griem, J., Gummery, A., Marsh, L., Defres, S., Bhojak, M., . . . ENCEPH UK study group. (2020). Neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes in encephalitis: A multi-centre case-control study.. PloS one, 15(3), e0230436. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230436
2019
'More than devastating'-patient experiences and neurological sequelae of Japanese encephalitis
Turtle, L., Easton, A., Defres, S., Ellul, M., Bovill, B., Hoyle, J., . . . Solomon, T. (2019). 'More than devastating'-patient experiences and neurological sequelae of Japanese encephalitis. JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE, 26(7). doi:10.1093/jtm/taz064
Understanding parental perspectives on outcomes following paediatric encephalitis: A qualitative study
Solomon, T. (2019). Understanding parental perspectives on outcomes following paediatric encephalitis: A qualitative study. PLoS One.
Targeted metagenomic sequencing enhances the identification of pathogens associated with acute infection
Goh, C., Golubchik, T., Ansari, M. A., de Cesare, M., Trebes, A., Elliott, I., . . . Bowden, R. (2019). Targeted metagenomic sequencing enhances the identification of pathogens associated with acute infection. doi:10.1101/716902
Big Game
Solomon, T., Defres, S., & Miller, A. (2019). Big Game. In Case Studies in Neurological Infections of Adults and Children (pp. 269-274). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139628839.063
It’s In the Genes
Ghadiri-Sani, M., & Defres, S. (2019). It’s In the Genes. In Case Studies in Neurological Infections of Adults and Children (pp. 117-121). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139628839.028
Scratching the Surface
Defres, S. (2019). Scratching the Surface. In Case Studies in Neurological Infections of Adults and Children (pp. 72-76). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139628839.019
Sutton’s Law
Defres, S. (2019). Sutton’s Law. In Case Studies in Neurological Infections of Adults and Children (pp. 122-128). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139628839.029
Ter-wit-ter-woo!
Defres, S. (2019). Ter-wit-ter-woo!. In Case Studies in Neurological Infections of Adults and Children (pp. 82-85). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139628839.021
Word Salad
Defres, S. (2019). Word Salad. In Case Studies in Neurological Infections of Adults and Children (pp. 96-102). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139628839.024
REVIEWING THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF THE MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND ROYAL LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
Gahir, J., Jones, J., Defres, S., & Squire, S. B. (2019). REVIEWING THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF THE MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND ROYAL LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL. In TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE Vol. 113 (pp. S150). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
2018
A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a tailored intervention to improve the initial management of suspected encephalitis
Backman, R., Foy, R., Diggle, P. J., Kneen, R., Easton, A., Defres, S., . . . Comm, E. N. C. E. P. H. U. K. P. S. (2018). A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a tailored intervention to improve the initial management of suspected encephalitis. PLoS One, 13(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202257
2017
Central nervous system infections in the absence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis.
Erdem, H., Ozturk-Engin, D., Cag, Y., Senbayrak, S., Inan, A., Kazak, E., . . . ID-IRI study group. (2017). Central nervous system infections in the absence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis.. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 65, 107-109. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.011
Care beyond the hospital ward: understanding the socio-medical trajectory of herpes simplex virus encephalitis
Cooper, J., Kierans, C., Defres, S., Easton, A., Kneen, R., Solomon, T., & grp, E. N. C. E. P. H. -U. K. S. (2017). Care beyond the hospital ward: understanding the socio-medical trajectory of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. BMC Health Services Research, 17. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2608-2
A Feasibility Study of Quantifying Longitudinal Brain Changes in Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Encephalitis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Stereology
Defres, S., Keller, S. S., Das, K., Vidyasagar, R., Parkes, L. M., Burnside, G., . . . Solomon, T. (2017). A Feasibility Study of Quantifying Longitudinal Brain Changes in Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Encephalitis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Stereology. PLOS ONE, 12(01), 15 pages. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170215
HIV testing of patients with indicator CNS infections in a large teaching hospital in England
Defres, S., Knight, I., Vaudrey, K., Beadsworth, M. B. J., Ratcliffe, L., & Beeching, N. J. (2017). HIV testing of patients with indicator CNS infections in a large teaching hospital in England. In HIV MEDICINE Vol. 18 (pp. 51-52). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
The mortality meeting: preventable HIV deaths?
Hine, P., Headon, H., Defres, S., Ratcliffe, L., & Chaponda, M. (2017). The mortality meeting: preventable HIV deaths?. In HIV MEDICINE Vol. 18 (pp. 54). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
2016
Managing atypical and typical herpetic central nervous system infections: results of a multinational study
Cag, Y., Erdem, H., Leib, S., Defres, S., Kaya, S., Larsen, L., . . . Elaldi, N. (2016). Managing atypical and typical herpetic central nervous system infections: results of a multinational study. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 22(6). doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.03.027
The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent Adults (vol 72, pg 405, 2016)
McGill, F., Heyderman, R. S., Michael, B. D., Defres, S., Beeching, N. J., Borrow, R., . . . Solomon, T. (2016). The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent Adults (vol 72, pg 405, 2016). JOURNAL OF INFECTION, 72(6), 768-769. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2016.04.001
The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults
McGill, F., Heyderman, R. S., Michael, B. D., Defres, S., Beeching, N. J., Borrow, R., . . . Solomon, T. (2016). The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. JOURNAL OF INFECTION, 72(4), 405-438. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2016.01.007
Diagnostic Pathways as Social and Participatory Practices: The Case of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Cooper, J., Kierans, C., Defres, S., Easton, A., Kneen, R., & Solomon, T. (2016). Diagnostic Pathways as Social and Participatory Practices: The Case of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. PLoS One, 11(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151145
Anti-<i>N</i>-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis In A Young Child With Histological Evidence On Brain Biopsy Of Coexistent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection
Ellul, M. A., Griffiths, M. J., Iyer, A., Avula, S., Defres, S., Baborie, A., . . . Kneen, R. (2016). Anti-<i>N</i>-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis In A Young Child With Histological Evidence On Brain Biopsy Of Coexistent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection. PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL, 35(3), 347-349. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001011
2015
Performing lumbar punctures for suspected CNS infections: experience and practice of trainee doctors
Defres, S., Mayer, J., Backman, R., & Kneen, R. (2015). Performing lumbar punctures for suspected CNS infections: experience and practice of trainee doctors. BRITISH JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINE, 76(11), 658-662. doi:10.12968/hmed.2015.76.11.658
Results of a Multinational Study Suggest the Need for Rapid Diagnosis and Early Antiviral Treatment at the Onset of Herpetic Meningoencephalitis
Erdem, H., Cag, Y., Ozturk-Engin, D., Defres, S., Kaya, S., Larsen, L., . . . Vahaboglu, H. (2015). Results of a Multinational Study Suggest the Need for Rapid Diagnosis and Early Antiviral Treatment at the Onset of Herpetic Meningoencephalitis. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, 59(6), 3084-3089. doi:10.1128/AAC.05016-14
Hamsi scoring in the prediction of unfavorable outcomes from tuberculous meningitis: results of Haydarpasa-II study
Erdem, H., Ozturk-Engin, D., Tireli, H., Kilicoglu, G., Defres, S., Gulsun, S., . . . Vahaboglu, H. (2015). Hamsi scoring in the prediction of unfavorable outcomes from tuberculous meningitis: results of Haydarpasa-II study. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, 262(4), 890-898. doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7651-5
The development of an intervention to promote adherence to national guidelines for suspected viral encephalitis
Backman, R., Foy, R., Michael, B. D., Defres, S., Kneen, R., & Solomon, T. (2015). The development of an intervention to promote adherence to national guidelines for suspected viral encephalitis. IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE, 10. doi:10.1186/s13012-015-0224-2
Measles-induced encephalitis
Fisher, D. L., Defres, S., & Solomon, T. (2015). Measles-induced encephalitis. QJM-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 108(3), 177-182. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcu113
The evaluation of a tailored intervention to improve the management of suspected viral encephalitis: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial
Backman, R., Foy, R., Diggle, P. J., Kneen, R., Defres, S., Michael, B. D., . . . Solomon, T. (2015). The evaluation of a tailored intervention to improve the management of suspected viral encephalitis: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE, 10. doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0201-1
2014
THE BBB IN ENCEPHALITIS: INFLAMMATION & A ROLE FOR STEROIDS?
Patabendige, A., Defres, S., Keller, S., Vidyasagar, R., Michael, B., Das, K., . . . Solomon, T. (2014). THE BBB IN ENCEPHALITIS: INFLAMMATION & A ROLE FOR STEROIDS?. In JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY Vol. 85. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309236.124
2013
Management of acute confusion in patients with CNS infections.
Matata, C., Defres, S., Jones, C., Gummery, A., & Solomon, T. (2013). Management of acute confusion in patients with CNS infections.. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 28(15), 49-58. doi:10.7748/ns2013.12.28.15.49.e7852
Test them all; an easily diagnosed and readily treatable cause of dementia with life-threatening consequences if missed.
Nightingale, S., Michael, B. D., Defres, S., Benjamin, L. A., & Solomon, T. (2013). Test them all; an easily diagnosed and readily treatable cause of dementia with life-threatening consequences if missed.. Practical neurology, 13(6), 354-356. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2013-000689
Encephalitis in children: which outcome measures are important?
Lemon, J., Cooper, J., Backman, R., Defres, S., Williamson, P., Kneen, R., & Solomon, T. (n.d.). Encephalitis in children: which outcome measures are important?. Poster session presented at the meeting of COMET 2013.
Undated
Encephalitis in children-Which outcomes are important?
Lemon, J., Cooper, J., Hanumanthiah, H., Defres, S., Backman, R., Williamson, P., . . . Kneen, R. (n.d.). Encephalitis in children-Which outcomes are important?. Poster session presented at the meeting of COMET.