Publications
2024
Gender and the double standard of ageing
Pickard, S. (2024). Gender and the double standard of ageing. In Research Handbook on the Sociology of Gender (pp. 165-176). Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781802206692.00020
The end of love: An exploration of gender, sexuality and the double standard of ageing in later life through the fiction of Doris Lessing
Pickard, S. (2024). The end of love: An exploration of gender, sexuality and the double standard of ageing in later life through the fiction of Doris Lessing. In Unknown Book (pp. 125-138). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. doi:10.5040/9781350341449.ch-9
What frailty can tell us about ageing well: towards an alternative paradigm to ‘successful ageing’
Pickard, S. (2024). What frailty can tell us about ageing well: towards an alternative paradigm to ‘successful ageing’. Gerontologist.
2023
The Red Dressing Gown
Pickard, S. (2023). The Red Dressing Gown. Simone de Beauvoir Studies, 33(2), 230-250. doi:10.1163/25897616-bja10069
The Gendered Nature of Age Wars: Talking about intergenerational conflict through the figure of the older woman.
Pickard, S. (2023). The Gendered Nature of Age Wars: Talking about intergenerational conflict through the figure of the older woman.. Generations Journal. Retrieved from https://generations.asaging.org/gendered-nature-age-wars
Persephone at Mid-Life: Revisiting Feminist Archetypal Theory in a Personal Journey Through Menopause
Pickard, S. (2024). Persephone at Mid-Life: Revisiting Feminist Archetypal Theory in a Personal Journey Through Menopause. Feminist Theology, 32(2), 132-146. doi:10.1177/09667350231208137
Beauvoir or Butler? Comparing ‘Becoming a Woman’ with ‘Performing Gender’ through the Life Course
Pickard, S. (2023). Beauvoir or Butler? Comparing ‘Becoming a Woman’ with ‘Performing Gender’ through the Life Course. Analyse and Kritik: Zeitschrift fuer Sozialtheorie. doi:10.1515/auk-2023-2010
Neither the third nor the fourth age: viewing old age through the philosophical lens of ambiguity
Pickard, S. (2023). Neither the third nor the fourth age: viewing old age through the philosophical lens of ambiguity. Gerontologist. doi:10.1093/geront/gnad113
Exploring Ageism as a Structure of Consciousness Across the Female Life Course Through the Work of Simone de Beauvoir
Pickard, S. (2023). Exploring Ageism as a Structure of Consciousness Across the Female Life Course Through the Work of Simone de Beauvoir. GERONTOLOGIST, 63(5), 812-819. doi:10.1093/geront/gnac123
What is the meaning of old age?
Pickard, S. (2023). What is the meaning of old age?. Retrieved from https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/
2022
Delaying Menopause, Buying Time? Positioning Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplantation Technologies for Delaying Menopause in the Context of Women's Embodied Reproductive Choice and Agency Across the Lifecourse
Pickard, S. (2022). Delaying Menopause, Buying Time? Positioning Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplantation Technologies for Delaying Menopause in the Context of Women's Embodied Reproductive Choice and Agency Across the Lifecourse. In Technologies of Reproduction Across the Lifecourse (pp. 67-81). Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/978-1-80071-733-620221007
2021
Last love: The 'double standard of ageing' and women's experience of gender and sexuality at mid-life
Pickard, S. (2022). Last love: The 'double standard of ageing' and women's experience of gender and sexuality at mid-life. JOURNAL OF AGING STUDIES, 60. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2021.100989
Age-Related Digital Divide during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Song, Y., Qian, C., & Pickard, S. (2021). Age-Related Digital Divide during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11285. doi:10.3390/ijerph182111285
Ageism, Existential and Ontological: Reviewing Approaches toward the Abject with the Help of Millett, Hodgman, Lessing, and Roth
Pickard, S. (2021). Ageism, Existential and Ontological: Reviewing Approaches toward the Abject with the Help of Millett, Hodgman, Lessing, and Roth. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO QUARTERLY, 90(2), 111-126. doi:10.3138/utq.90.2.04
Gender Issues in Age Studies
Pickard, S. (2021). Gender Issues in Age Studies. In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging (pp. 1989-1997). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_952
2020
Waiting like a girl? The temporal constitution of femininity as a factor in gender inequality
Pickard, S. (2020). Waiting like a girl? The temporal constitution of femininity as a factor in gender inequality. British Journal of Sociology, 71(2), 314-327. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12733
On becoming a hag: Gender, ageing and abjection
Pickard, S. (2020). On becoming a hag: Gender, ageing and abjection. Feminist Theory, 21(2), 157-173. doi:10.1177/1464700119859751
2019
Gender Issues in Age Studies
Pickard, S. (2019). Gender Issues in Age Studies. In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging (pp. 1-9). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_952-1
Embodying the gender regime
Pickard, S. (2019). Embodying the gender regime. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429434952-1
Femininity and frailty through the life course
Pickard, S. (2019). Femininity and frailty through the life course. In Ageing, the Body and the Gender Regime (pp. 167-183). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429434952-11
New horizons in frailty: the contingent, the existential and the clinical
Pickard, S., Cluley, V., Danely, J., Laceulle, H., Leon-Salas, J., Vanhoutte, B., & Romero-Ortuno, R. (2019). New horizons in frailty: the contingent, the existential and the clinical. AGE AND AGEING, 48(4), 466-471. doi:10.1093/ageing/afz032
From the third age to the third sex: A feminist framework for the life course
Pickard, S. (2019). From the third age to the third sex: A feminist framework for the life course. Journal of Aging Studies, 49, 56-65. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2019.04.003
Age war as the new class war? contemporary representations of intergenerational inequity
Pickard, S. (2019). Age war as the new class war? contemporary representations of intergenerational inequity. Journal of Social Policy, 48(2), 369-386. doi:10.1017/S0047279418000521
Interrogating the Neoliberal Lifecycle
Clack, B., & Paule, M. (Eds.) (2019). Interrogating the Neoliberal Lifecycle. In . Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00770-6
Ageing, the Body and the Gender Regime Health, Illness and Disease Across the Life Course
Pickard, S., & Robinson, J. (Eds.) (n.d.). Ageing, the Body and the Gender Regime. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429434952
Old Age and the Neoliberal Life Course
Pickard, S. (2019). Old Age and the Neoliberal Life Course. In Interrogating the Neoliberal Lifecycle (pp. 215-234). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00770-6_10
2018
Health, illness and frailty in old age: a phenomenological exploration
Pickard, S. (2018). Health, illness and frailty in old age: a phenomenological exploration. Journal of Aging Studies, 47, 24-31. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2018.10.002
GENDERING THIRD AND FOURTH AGE THEORIES: THE ROLE OF THE HAG
Pickard, S. (2018). GENDERING THIRD AND FOURTH AGE THEORIES: THE ROLE OF THE HAG. Innovation in Aging, 2(suppl_1), 285. doi:10.1093/geroni/igy023.1054
Age, Gender and Sexuality through the Life Course
Pickard, S. (2018). Age, Gender and Sexuality through the Life Course. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315720982
Journeys in Sociology: From First Encounters to Fulfilling Requirements
Pickard, S. (2018). Journeys in Sociology: From First Encounters to Fulfilling Requirements. AGEING & SOCIETY, 38(4), 865-866. doi:10.1017/S0144686X17001556
Femininity and age, or, how time is not on our side Introduction
Pickard, S. (2018). Femininity and age, or, how time is not on our side Introduction. In AGE, GENDER AND SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE: THE GIRL IN TIME (pp. 1-+). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
Imagining alternatives to the Girl in time Conclusion
Pickard, S. (2018). Imagining alternatives to the Girl in time Conclusion. In AGE, GENDER AND SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE: THE GIRL IN TIME (pp. 161-171). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
Sex in time Sexual liberation - another stalled revolution
Pickard, S. (2018). Sex in time Sexual liberation - another stalled revolution. In AGE, GENDER AND SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE: THE GIRL IN TIME (pp. 135-160). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
Structures of the female self
Pickard, S. (2018). Structures of the female self. In AGE, GENDER AND SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE: THE GIRL IN TIME (pp. 55-75). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
The Girl in time Everyday time, time of life and the structures of femininity
Pickard, S. (2018). The Girl in time Everyday time, time of life and the structures of femininity. In AGE, GENDER AND SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE: THE GIRL IN TIME (pp. 76-101). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
The rise and fall of the Girl in time
Pickard, S. (2018). The rise and fall of the Girl in time. In AGE, GENDER AND SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE: THE GIRL IN TIME (pp. 26-54). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
The self through time Feminine plots through the life course
Pickard, S. (2018). The self through time Feminine plots through the life course. In AGE, GENDER AND SEXUALITY THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE: THE GIRL IN TIME (pp. 102-134). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
Time, Age, Change
Pickard, S. (n.d.). Time, Age, Change. Age, Culture, Humanities: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 3, 231-237. doi:10.7146/ageculturehumanities.v3i.130164
2017
The New Age of Ageing: How Society Needs to Change
Pickard, S. (2017). The New Age of Ageing: How Society Needs to Change. CANADIAN JOURNAL ON AGING-REVUE CANADIENNE DU VIEILLISSEMENT, 36(4), 549-550. doi:10.1017/S0714980817000320
Beyond Successful and Active Ageing: A Theory of Model Ageing
Pickard, S. (2017). Beyond Successful and Active Ageing: A Theory of Model Ageing. CANADIAN JOURNAL ON AGING-REVUE CANADIENNE DU VIEILLISSEMENT, 36(3), 423-424. doi:10.1017/S0714980817000228
2016
Age Studies A Sociological Examination of How We Age and Are Aged Through the Life Course
Pickard, S. (2016). Age Studies: A Sociological Examination of How We Age and are Aged through the Life Course (First ed.). Sage Publications Ltd.
Ordinary Medicine: Extraordinary Treatments, Longer Lives, and Where to Draw the Line
Pickard, S. (2016). Ordinary Medicine: Extraordinary Treatments, Longer Lives, and Where to Draw the Line. SOCIAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 29(3), 666-667. doi:10.1093/shm/hkw048
Choice, Voice and the Structures of Accountability in the New NHS
Choice, Voice and the Structures of Accountability in the New NHS (2016). In Health Policy and Politics (pp. 89-100). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315586342-11
2014
Biology as destiny? Rethinking embodiment in 'deep' old age
Pickard, S. (2014). Biology as destiny? Rethinking embodiment in 'deep' old age. AGEING & SOCIETY, 34(8), 1279-1291. doi:10.1017/S0144686X13000196
Frail bodies: geriatric medicine and the constitution of the fourth age
Pickard, S. (2014). Frail bodies: geriatric medicine and the constitution of the fourth age. Sociology of Health and Illness, 36(4), 549-563. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12084
2013
A new political anatomy of the older body? An examination of approaches to illness in old age in primary care
Pickard, S. (2013). A new political anatomy of the older body? An examination of approaches to illness in old age in primary care. AGEING & SOCIETY, 33, 964-987. doi:10.1017/S0144686X12000293
2012
Knowing as practice: Self-care in the case of chronic multi-morbidities
Pickard, S., & Rogers, A. (2012). Knowing as practice: Self-care in the case of chronic multi-morbidities. SOCIAL THEORY & HEALTH, 10(2), 101-120. doi:10.1057/sth.2011.24
Choice, voice and the structures of accountability in the new NHS
Pickard, S. (2012). Choice, voice and the structures of accountability in the new NHS. In Health Policy and Politics (pp. 75-86).
2011
Health, illness and normality: The case of old age
Pickard, S. (2011). Health, illness and normality: The case of old age. BIOSOCIETIES, 6(3), 323-341. doi:10.1057/biosoc.2011.10
Understanding professional partnerships and non-hierarchical organisation
Sheaff, R., Child, S., Schofield, J., Dowling, B., Pickard, S., & Mannion, R. (2011). Understanding professional partnerships and non-hierarchical organisation. London: NIHRSDO.
2010
The role of governmentality in the establishment, maintenance and demise of professional jurisdictions: the case of geriatric medicine
Pickard, S. (2010). The role of governmentality in the establishment, maintenance and demise of professional jurisdictions: the case of geriatric medicine. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS, 32(7), 1072-1086. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01256.x
The 'Good Carer': Moral Practices in Late Modernity
Pickard, S. (2010). The 'Good Carer': Moral Practices in Late Modernity. SOCIOLOGY-THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, 44(3), 471-487. doi:10.1177/0038038510362482
2009
Is Evidence-Based Organizational Innovation in the NHS a Chimaera - Or Just Elusive?
Sheaff, R., Pickard, S., & Dowling, B. (2009). Is Evidence-Based Organizational Innovation in the NHS a Chimaera - Or Just Elusive?. SOCIAL POLICY & ADMINISTRATION, 43(3), 290-310. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2009.00662.x
Impacts of case management for frail elderly people: a qualitative study
Sheaff, R., Boaden, R., Sargent, P., Pickard, S., Gravelle, H., Parker, S., & Roland, M. (2009). Impacts of case management for frail elderly people: a qualitative study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH & POLICY, 14(2), 88-95. doi:10.1258/jhsrp.2008.007142
Governing Old Age: The 'Case Managed' Older Person
Pickard, S. (2009). Governing Old Age: The 'Case Managed' Older Person. SOCIOLOGY-THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, 43(1), 67-84. doi:10.1177/0038038508099098
Is evidence based organisational innovation in the NHS a chimaera - or just elusive?
Sheaff, R., Pickard, S., & Dowling, B. (2009). Is evidence based organisational innovation in the NHS a chimaera - or just elusive?. Social Policy and Administration, 43(2), 290-310.
The Professionalization of General Practitioners with a Special Interest: Rationalization, Restratification and Governmentality
Pickard, S. (2009). The Professionalization of General Practitioners with a Special Interest: Rationalization, Restratification and Governmentality. SOCIOLOGY-THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, 43(2), 250-267. doi:10.1177/0038038508101164
2008
Choice, voice and the structures of accountability in the new NHS
Pickard, S. (2008). Choice, voice and the structures of accountability in the new NHS. In Health Policy and Politics (pp. 75-85).
Moving specialist care into the community: an initial evaluation
Sibbald, B., Pickard, S., McLeod, H., Reeves, D., Mead, N., Gemmell, I., . . . Leese, B. (2008). Moving specialist care into the community: an initial evaluation. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH & POLICY, 13(4), 233-239. doi:10.1258/jhsrp.2008.008049
Governance structures and accountability in primary care
Dowling, B., Sheaff, R., & Pickard, S. (2008). Governance structures and accountability in primary care. PUBLIC MONEY & MANAGEMENT, 28(4), 215-222. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9302.2008.00647.x
The Surveillance Gaze: a new paradigm for long-term care of older people in the UK NHS
Pickard, S. (2008). The Surveillance Gaze: a new paradigm for long-term care of older people in the UK NHS. In J. Garner, & T. Christiansen (Eds.), Social Sciences in Health Care and Medicine (pp. 1-31). New York: Nova Science.
2007
Patient and carer perceptions of case management for long-term conditions
Sargent, P., Pickard, S., Sheaff, R., & Boaden, R. (2007). Patient and carer perceptions of case management for long-term conditions. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, 15(6), 511-519. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00708.x
Impact of case management (Evercare) on frail elderly patients: controlled before and after analysis of quantitative outcome data
Gravelle, H., Dusheiko, M., Sheaff, R., Sargent, P., Boaden, R., Pickard, S., . . . Roland, M. (2007). Impact of case management (Evercare) on frail elderly patients: controlled before and after analysis of quantitative outcome data. BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 334(7583), 31-34. doi:10.1136/bmj.39020.413310.55
2006
Exit, voice, governance and user-responsiveness: The case of English primary care trusts
Pickard, S., Sheaff, R., & Dowling, B. (2006). Exit, voice, governance and user-responsiveness: The case of English primary care trusts. SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE, 63(2), 373-383. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.016
2004
Soft governance and attitudes to clinical quality in English general practice.
Sheaff, R., Sibbald, B., Campbell, S., Roland, M., Marshall, M., Pickard, S., . . . Halliwell, S. (2004). Soft governance and attitudes to clinical quality in English general practice.. Journal of health services research & policy, 9(3), 132-138. doi:10.1258/1355819041403295
Governmentality by network in English primary healthcare
Sheaff, R., Marshall, M., Rogers, A., Roland, M., Sibbald, B., & Pickard, S. (2004). Governmentality by network in English primary healthcare. SOCIAL POLICY & ADMINISTRATION, 38(1), 89-103. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2004.00378.x
2003
User responsiveness in health care
Pickard, S. (2003). User responsiveness in health care. QUALITY & SAFETY IN HEALTH CARE, 12(6), 403-404. doi:10.1136/qhc.12.6.403
A subtle governance: 'soft' medical leadership in English primary care
Sheaff, R., Rogers, A., Pickard, S., Marshall, M., Campbell, S., Sibbald, B., . . . Roland, M. (2003). A subtle governance: 'soft' medical leadership in English primary care. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS, 25(5), 408-428. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00352
Challenging professional roles: Lay carers' involvement in health care in the community
Pickard, S., Jacobs, S., & Kirk, S. (2003). Challenging professional roles: Lay carers' involvement in health care in the community. SOCIAL POLICY & ADMINISTRATION, 37(1), 82-96. doi:10.1111/1467-9515.00325
2002
User involvement in clinical governance.
Pickard, S., Marshall, M., Rogers, A., Sheaff, R., Sibbald, B., Campbell, S., . . . Roland, M. (2002). User involvement in clinical governance.. Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy, 5(3), 187-198. doi:10.1046/j.1369-6513.2002.00175.x
A qualitative study of the cultural changes in primary care organisations needed to implement clinical governance
Marshall, M., Sheaff, R., Rogers, A., Campbell, S., Halliwell, S., Pickard, S., . . . Roland, M. (2002). A qualitative study of the cultural changes in primary care organisations needed to implement clinical governance. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GENERAL PRACTICE, 52(481), 641-645. Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
Comparing and contrasting the role of family carers and nurses in the domestic health care of frail older people
Pickard, S., & Glendinning, C. (2002). Comparing and contrasting the role of family carers and nurses in the domestic health care of frail older people. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, 10(3), 144-150. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2002.00352.x
Implementing clinical governance in English primary care groups/trusts: reconciling quality improvement and quality assurance
Campbell, S. M., Sheaff, R., Sibbald, B., Marshall, M. N., Pickard, S., Gask, L., . . . Roland, M. O. (2002). Implementing clinical governance in English primary care groups/trusts: reconciling quality improvement and quality assurance. QUALITY & SAFETY IN HEALTH CARE, 11(1), 9-14. doi:10.1136/qhc.11.1.9
Public service responsiveness to users' demands and needs: Theory, practice and primary healthcare in England
Sheaff, R., Pickard, S., & Smith, K. (2002). Public service responsiveness to users' demands and needs: Theory, practice and primary healthcare in England. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, 80(3), 435-452. doi:10.1111/1467-9299.00312
Some National Service Frameworks are more equal than others: Implementing clinical governance for mental health in primary care groups and trusts
Rogers, A., Campbell, S., Gask, L., Sheaff, R., Marshall, M., Halliwell, S., & Pickard, S. (2002). Some National Service Frameworks are more equal than others: Implementing clinical governance for mental health in primary care groups and trusts. Journal of Mental Health, 11(2), 199-212. doi:10.1080/2-09638230020023589
2001
Caring for a relative with dementia: The perceptions of carers and CPNs
Pickard, S., & Glendinning, C. (2001). Caring for a relative with dementia: The perceptions of carers and CPNs. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 2(4), 3-11. doi:10.1108/14717794200100024
A 'Third Way' for lay involvement: what evidence so far?
Pickard, S., & Smith, K. (2001). A 'Third Way' for lay involvement: what evidence so far?. Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy, 4(3), 170-179. doi:10.1046/j.1369-6513.2001.00131.x
2000
Health care professionals' support for older carers
Pickard, S., Shaw, S., & Glendinning, C. (2000). Health care professionals' support for older carers. AGEING & SOCIETY, 20, 725-744. doi:10.1017/S0144686X01007991
1999
Primary care groups and NHS rationing: Implications of the Child B case
Pickard, S., & Sheaff, R. (1999). Primary care groups and NHS rationing: Implications of the Child B case. HEALTH CARE ANALYSIS, 7(1), 37-56. doi:10.1023/A:1009412406958
Co-ordinated care for older people with dementia
Pickard, S. (1999). Co-ordinated care for older people with dementia. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 13(4), 345-354. doi:10.3109/13561829909010380
1998
Citizenship and consumerism in health care: A critique of citizens' juries
Pickard, S. (1998). Citizenship and consumerism in health care: A critique of citizens' juries. SOCIAL POLICY & ADMINISTRATION, 32(3), 226-244. doi:10.1111/1467-9515.00100
1997
Paradoxes of GP fundholding: Contracting for community health services in the British National Health Service
Williams, G., Flynn, R., & Pickard, S. (1997). Paradoxes of GP fundholding: Contracting for community health services in the British National Health Service. SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE, 45(11), 1669-1678. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00101-9
The Future Organization of Community Health Councils
Pickard, S. (1997). The Future Organization of Community Health Councils. Social Policy & Administration, 31(3), 274-289. doi:10.1111/1467-9515.00056
1995
LOCAL VOICES IN AN INTERNAL MARKET - THE CASE OF COMMUNITY-HEALTH SERVICES
PICKARD, S., WILLIAMS, G., & FLYNN, R. (1995). LOCAL VOICES IN AN INTERNAL MARKET - THE CASE OF COMMUNITY-HEALTH SERVICES. SOCIAL POLICY & ADMINISTRATION, 29(2), 135-149. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.1995.tb00459.x
1994
LIFE AFTER A DEATH - THE EXPERIENCE OF BEREAVEMENT IN SOUTH WALES
PICKARD, S. (1994). LIFE AFTER A DEATH - THE EXPERIENCE OF BEREAVEMENT IN SOUTH WALES. AGEING AND SOCIETY, 14, 191-217. doi:10.1017/S0144686X00000313