Publications
Selected publications
- Ocean Dynamics and the Carbon Cycle: Principles and Mechanisms (Book - 2011)
- Sensitivity of climate to cumulative carbon emissions due to compensation of ocean heat and carbon uptake (Journal article - 2015)
- Controls of the Transient Climate Response to Emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling (Journal article - 2020)
- A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic (Journal article - 2019)
- Pathways to 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming based on observational and geological constraints (Journal article - 2018)
- A sea change in our view of overturning - first results from the overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (Journal article - 2018)
- A nutrient relay sustains subtropical ocean productivity (Journal article - 2022)
- Open Access Decadal Evolution of Ocean Thermal Anomalies in the North Atlantic: The Effects of Ekman, Overturning, and Horizontal Transport (Journal article - 2014)
- Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models (Journal article - 2019)
- Regional Asymmetries in Ocean Heat and Carbon Storage due to Dynamic Redistribution in Climate Model Projections (Journal article - 2021)
2024
Local versus farfield control on South Pacific Subantarctic mode water variability
Supplementary material to "Local versus farfield control on South Pacific Subantarctic mode water variability"
Pimm, C., Meijers, A. J. S., Jones, D. C., & Williams, R. G. (2024). Supplementary material to "Local versus farfield control on South Pacific Subantarctic mode water variability". doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-3855-supplement
Reinforcing fast and slow carbon responses to atmospheric events in the subpolar North Atlantic 
Williams, R., & Khatri, H. (2024). Reinforcing fast and slow carbon responses to atmospheric events in the subpolar North Atlantic . doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu24-12828
Role of Ocean Memory in Subpolar North Atlantic Decadal Variability
Khatri, H., Williams, R., Woollings, T., & Smith, D. (2024). Role of Ocean Memory in Subpolar North Atlantic Decadal Variability. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu24-5412
Surface forcing controls on the volume and heat content of subtropical and subpolar mode waters over the global ocean
Pimm, C., Williams, R., Jones, D., & Meijers, A. (2024). Surface forcing controls on the volume and heat content of subtropical and subpolar mode waters over the global ocean. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu24-8252
An Ocean Memory Perspective: Disentangling Atmospheric Control of Decadal Variability in the North Atlantic Ocean
Khatri, H., Williams, R. G., Woollings, T., & Smith, D. M. (2024). An Ocean Memory Perspective: Disentangling Atmospheric Control of Decadal Variability in the North Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 51(20). doi:10.1029/2024gl110333
Climate feedbacks derived from theory and spatial contrasts in recent climatology
An optimal transformation method applied to diagnose the ocean carbon budget
Mackay, N., Sohail, T., Zika, J. D., Williams, R. G., Andrews, O., & Watson, A. J. (n.d.). An optimal transformation method applied to diagnose the ocean carbon budget. Geoscientific Model Development, 17(15), 5987-6005. doi:10.5194/gmd-17-5987-2024
Asymmetries in the Southern Ocean contribution to global heat and carbon uptake
Williams, R. G., Meijers, A. J. S., Roussenov, V. M., Katavouta, A., Ceppi, P., Rosser, J. P., & Salvi, P. (2024). Asymmetries in the Southern Ocean contribution to global heat and carbon uptake. Nature Climate Change, 14(8), 823-831. doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02066-3
An optimal transformation method applied to diagnosing the ocean carbon sink
Surface Heat Fluxes Drive a Two‐Phase Response in Southern Ocean Mode Water Stratification
Pimm, C., Williams, R. G., Jones, D., & Meijers, A. J. S. (2024). Surface Heat Fluxes Drive a Two‐Phase Response in Southern Ocean Mode Water Stratification. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 129(3). doi:10.1029/2023jc020795
2023
On the Arctic Amplification of surface warming in a conceptual climate model
Goodwin, P., & Williams, R. G. (2023). On the Arctic Amplification of surface warming in a conceptual climate model. PHYSICA D-NONLINEAR PHENOMENA, 454. doi:10.1016/j.physd.2023.133880
The Zero Emissions Commitment and climate stabilization
Palazzo Corner, S., Siegert, M., Ceppi, P., Fox-Kemper, B., Frölicher, T. L., Gallego-Sala, A., . . . Rogelj, J. (n.d.). The Zero Emissions Commitment and climate stabilization. Frontiers in Science, 1. doi:10.3389/fsci.2023.1170744
Climate feedbacks with latitude derived from climatological data and theory
The role of the Southern Ocean in the global climate response to carbon emissions
Williams, R. G., Ceppi, P., Roussenov, V., Katavouta, A., & Meijers, A. J. S. (2023). The role of the Southern Ocean in the global climate response to carbon emissions. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 381(2249). doi:10.1098/rsta.2022.0062
Reconstructing ocean carbon storage with CMIP6 Earth system models and synthetic Argo observations
Turner, K. E. E., Smith, D. M. M., Katavouta, A., & Williams, R. G. G. (2023). Reconstructing ocean carbon storage with CMIP6 Earth system models and synthetic Argo observations. BIOGEOSCIENCES, 20(8), 1671-1690. doi:10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023
Energy budget diagnosis of changing climate feedback
Cael, B. B., Bloch-Johnson, J., Ceppi, P., Fredriksen, H. -B., Goodwin, P., Gregory, J. M., . . . Williams, R. G. (2023). Energy budget diagnosis of changing climate feedback. SCIENCE ADVANCES, 9(16). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf9302
Lagrangian pathways for heat, carbon and nutrients subdction with sub-Antarctic mode waters
Fernández-Castro, B., Mazloff, M., Williams, R. G., & Naveira Garabato, A. (2023). Lagrangian pathways for heat, carbon and nutrients subdction with sub-Antarctic mode waters. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13413
2022
Fast and Slow Subpolar Ocean Responses to the North Atlantic Oscillation: Thermal and Dynamical Changes
Khatri, H., Williams, R. G., Woollings, T., & Smith, D. M. (2022). Fast and Slow Subpolar Ocean Responses to the North Atlantic Oscillation: Thermal and Dynamical Changes. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 49(24). doi:10.1029/2022GL101480
Mechanisms Driving the Dispersal of Hydrothermal Iron From the Northern Mid Atlantic Ridge
Tagliabue, A., Lough, A. J. M., Vic, C., Roussenov, V., Gula, J., Lohan, M. C., . . . Williams, R. G. (2022). Mechanisms Driving the Dispersal of Hydrothermal Iron From the Northern Mid Atlantic Ridge. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 49(22). doi:10.1029/2022GL100615
A nutrient relay sustains subtropical ocean productivity
Gupta, M., Williams, R. G., Lauderdale, J. M., Jahn, O., Hill, C., Dutkiewicz, S., & Follows, M. J. (2022). A nutrient relay sustains subtropical ocean productivity. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 119(41). doi:10.1073/pnas.2206504119
Impact of negative and positive CO2 emissions on global warming metrics using an ensemble of Earth system model simulations
Vakilifard, N., Williams, R. G., Holden, P. B., Turner, K., Edwards, N. R., & Beerling, D. J. (2022). Impact of negative and positive CO2 emissions on global warming metrics using an ensemble of Earth system model simulations. BIOGEOSCIENCES, 19(17), 4249-4265. doi:10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022
2021
Observations of Nutrient Supply by Mesoscale Eddy Stirring and Small-Scale Turbulence in the Oligotrophic North Atlantic
Spingys, C. P., Williams, R. G., Tuerena, R. E., Garabato, A. N., Vic, C., Forryan, A., & Sharples, J. (2021). Observations of Nutrient Supply by Mesoscale Eddy Stirring and Small-Scale Turbulence in the Oligotrophic North Atlantic. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 35(12). doi:10.1029/2021GB007200
Ocean carbon cycle feedbacks in CMIP6 models: contributions from different basins
Katavouta, A., & Williams, R. G. (2021). Ocean carbon cycle feedbacks in CMIP6 models: contributions from different basins. Biogeosciences, 18(10), 3189-3218. doi:10.5194/bg-18-3189-2021
Regional Asymmetries in Ocean Heat and Carbon Storage due to Dynamic Redistribution in Climate Model Projections
Williams, R. G., Katavouta, A., & Roussenov, V. (2021). Regional Asymmetries in Ocean Heat and Carbon Storage due to Dynamic Redistribution in Climate Model Projections. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 34(10), 3907-3925. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0519.1
2020
Controls of the Transient Climate Response to Emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling
Williams, R. G., Ceppi, P., & Katavouta, A. (2020). Controls of the transient climate response to emissions by physical feedbacks, heat uptake and carbon cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 15(9). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab97c9
Internal Tide-Driven Tracer Transport Across the Continental Slope
Spingys, C. P., Williams, R. G., Hopkins, J. E., Hall, R. A., Green, J. A. M., & Sharples, J. (2020). Internal Tide-Driven Tracer Transport Across the Continental Slope. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 125(9). doi:10.1029/2019JC015530
Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models
Arora, V. K., Katavouta, A., Williams, R. G., Jones, C. D., Brovkin, V., Friedlingstein, P., . . . Ziehn, T. (2020). Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences, 17(16), 4173-4222. doi:10.5194/bg-17-4173-2020
Resource Availability and Entrainment are driven by offsets between Nutriclines and Winter Mixed‐Layer Depth
Rigby, S. J., Williams, R. G., Achterberg, E. P., & Tagliabue, A. (n.d.). Resource Availability and Entrainment are driven by offsets between Nutriclines and Winter Mixed‐Layer Depth. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. doi:10.1029/2019gb006497
How Does the Winter Jet Stream Affect Surface Temperature, Heat Flux, and Sea Ice in the North Atlantic?
Ma, L., Woollings, T., Williams, R. G., Smith, D., & Dunstone, N. (2020). How Does the Winter Jet Stream Affect Surface Temperature, Heat Flux, and Sea Ice in the North Atlantic?. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 33(9), 3711-3730. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0247.1
Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models
Arora, V., Katavouta, A., Williams, R., Jones, C., Brovkin, V., & Friedlingstein, P. (2020). Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6124
2019
Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models
Arora, V. K., Katavouta, A., Williams, R. G., Jones, C. D., Brovkin, V., Friedlingstein, P., . . . Ziehn, T. (2019). Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models. doi:10.5194/bg-2019-473
Supplementary material to "Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models"
Arora, V. K., Katavouta, A., Williams, R. G., Jones, C. D., Brovkin, V., Friedlingstein, P., . . . Ziehn, T. (2019). Supplementary material to "Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models, and their comparison to CMIP5 models". doi:10.5194/bg-2019-473-supplement
Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks Operating in the Climate System
Williams, R. G., Katavouta, A., & Goodwin, P. (2019). Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks Operating in the Climate System. CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS, 5(4), 282-295. doi:10.1007/s40641-019-00144-9
Carbon emissions and surface warming
Heath, A. E., & Williams, R. (2019). Carbon emissions and surface warming. [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/CBl-HncKC5c
Paris or Bust
Heath, A. E., & Williams, R. (2019). Paris or Bust. [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/0BF6f5bgA8w
What happens to emitted carbon?
Heath, A. E., & Williams, R. (2019). What happens to emitted carbon?. [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/B6uOvO1263g
The Effect of Ocean Ventilation on the Transient Climate Response to Emissions
Katavouta, A., Williams, R. G., & Goodwin, P. (2019). The Effect of Ocean Ventilation on the Transient Climate Response to Emissions. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 32(16), 5085-5105. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0829.1
Internal Tides Drive Nutrient Fluxes Into the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Over Mid‐ocean Ridges
Tuerena, R., Williams, R., Mahaffey, C., Clément Vic, J., Green, M., Naveira‐Garabato, A., . . . Sharples, J. (2019). Internal Tides Drive Nutrient Fluxes Into the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Over Mid‐ocean Ridges. Global Biogeochemical Cycles: an international journal of global change, 33(8), 995-1009. doi:10.1029/2019GB006214
Climate Sensitivity From Both Physical and Carbon Cycle Feedbacks
Goodwin, P., Williams, R. G., Roussenov, V. M., & Katavouta, A. (2019). Climate Sensitivity From Both Physical and Carbon Cycle Feedbacks. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 46(13), 7554-7564. doi:10.1029/2019GL082887
A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic
Lozier, M. S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., . . . Zhao, J. (2019). A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic. SCIENCE, 363(6426), 516-521. doi:10.1126/science.aau6592
Ocean Subduction
Williams, R. G., & Meijers, A. (2019). Ocean Subduction. In Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Third Edition: Volume 1-5 (Vol. 1-5, pp. V3-141-V3-157). doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11297-7
Ocean Subduction
Williams, R. G., & Meijers, A. (2019). Ocean Subduction. In ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OCEAN SCIENCES, VOL 3: OCEAN DYNAMICS, 3RD EDITION (pp. 141-157). doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11297-7
2018
A sea change in our view of overturning - first results from the overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program
Lozier, M. S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A., Cunningham, S., . . . Zhao, J. (n.d.). A sea change in our view of overturning - first results from the overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program. Science.
The RidgeMix Cruise
Heath, A. E. (2018). The RidgeMix Cruise. [video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VXTqMgI6hg&feature=youtu.be
The RidgeMix Cruise
Heath, A. E., Sharples, J., & Williams, R. (2018). The RidgeMix Cruise. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VXTqMgI6hg&feature=youtu.be
Reconciling Atmospheric and Oceanic Views of the Transient Climate Response to Emissions
Katavouta, A., Williams, R. G., Goodwin, P., & Roussenov, V. (2018). Reconciling Atmospheric and Oceanic Views of the Transient Climate Response to Emissions. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 45(12), 6205-6214. doi:10.1029/2018GL077849
Pathways to 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming based on observational and geological constraints
Goodwin, P. A., Katavouta, A., Roussenov, V., Foster, G. L., Rohling, E. J., & Williams, R. G. (2018). Pathways to 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming based on observational and geological constraints. Nature Geoscience, 11(2), 102-107. doi:10.1038/s41561-017-0054-8
2017
Sensitivity of global warming to carbon emissions: effects of heat and carbon uptake in a suite of Earth system models
Williams, R. G., Roussenov, V., Goodwin, P., Resplandy, L., & Bopp, L. (2017). Sensitivity of global warming to carbon emissions: effects of heat and carbon uptake in a suite of Earth system models. Journal of Climate, 30, 9343-9363. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0468.1
Drivers of Continued Surface Warming After Cessation of Carbon Emissions
Williams, R. G., Roussenov., Froelicher, T. L., & Goodwin, P. (2017). Drivers of Continued Surface Warming After Cessation of Carbon Emissions. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(20), 10,633-10,642. doi:10.1002/2017GL075080
Coupled carbon-climate Earth System Model GFDL ESM2M annual mean global surface warming response dataset (1000 year simulation)
Roussenov, V., Goodwin, P., Froelicher, T., & Williams, R. G. (2017). Coupled carbon-climate Earth System Model GFDL ESM2M annual mean global surface warming response dataset (1000 year simulation). Liverpool: British Oceanographic Data Centre - Natural Environment Research Council. Retrieved from doi:10.5285/5c390f2a-68c9-46f0-e053-6c86abc0233d
Variations in the difference between mean sea level measured either side of Cape Hatteras and their relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation
Woodworth, P. L., Maqueda, M. A. M., Gehrels, W. R., Roussenov, V. M., Williams, R. G., & Hughes, C. W. (2017). Variations in the difference between mean sea level measured either side of Cape Hatteras and their relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation. CLIMATE DYNAMICS, 49(7-8), 2451-2469. doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3464-1
OVERTURNING IN THE SUBPOLAR NORTH ATLANTIC PROGRAM A New International Ocean Observing System
Lozier, M. S., Bacon, S., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., de Jong, M. F., de Steur, L., . . . Zika, J. D. (2017). OVERTURNING IN THE SUBPOLAR NORTH ATLANTIC PROGRAM A New International Ocean Observing System. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, 98(4), 737-752. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0057.1
The impact of Southern Ocean residual upwelling on atmospheric CO2 on centennial and millennial timescales
Lauderdale, J. M., Williams, R. G., Munday, D. R., & Marshall, D. P. (2017). The impact of Southern Ocean residual upwelling on atmospheric CO2 on centennial and millennial timescales. Climate Dynamics, 48, 1611-1631. doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3163-y
2016
Sea Level: A Liverpool View, Part 1: Personal Perspective
Heath, A. E., & Williams, R. (n.d.). Sea Level: A Liverpool View, Part 1: Personal Perspective. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je_wqNSc3Hs
Sea Level: A Liverpool View, Part 2: Historical Perspective
Heath, A. E., & Williams, R. (n.d.). Sea Level: A Liverpool View, Part 2: Historical Perspective. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbzf4SgbZao
Sea Level: A Liverpool View, Part 3: Future Perspective?
Heath, A. E., & Williams, R. (n.d.). Sea Level: A Liverpool View, Part 3: Future Perspective?. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8ZpARgVlFI
Quantifying the drivers of ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes
Lauderdale, J. M., Dutkiewicz, S., Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2016). Quantifying the drivers of ocean-atmosphere CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 30(7), 983-999. doi:10.1002/2016GB005400
Quantifying the drivers of ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes
Lauderdale, J. M., Dutkiewicz, S., Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (n.d.). Quantifying the drivers of ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. doi:10.1002/2016GB005500
Volcanic ash as an oceanic iron source and sink
Rogan, N., Achterberg, E. P., Le Moigne, F. A. C., Marsay, C. M., Tagliabue, A., & Williams, R. G. (2016). Volcanic ash as an oceanic iron source and sink. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 43(6), 2732-2740. doi:10.1002/2016GL067905
A framework to understand the transient climate response to emissions
Williams, R. G., Goodwin, P., Roussenov, V. M., & Bopp, L. (2016). A framework to understand the transient climate response to emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 11(1). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/1/015003
2015
Mechanisms of Heat Content and Thermocline Change in the Subtropical and Subpolar North Atlantic
Williams, R. G., Roussenov, V., Lozier, M. S., & Smith, D. (2015). Mechanisms of Heat Content and Thermocline Change in the Subtropical and Subpolar North Atlantic. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 28(24), 9803-9815. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0097.1
Sensitivity of climate to cumulative carbon emissions due to compensation of ocean heat and carbon uptake
Goodwin, P., Williams, R., & Ridgwell, A. (2015). Sensitivity of climate to cumulative carbon emissions due to compensation of ocean heat and carbon uptake. Nature Geoscience, 8, 29-34. doi:10.1038/ngeo2304
Physical controls of variability in North Atlantic phytoplankton communities
Barton, A. D., Lozier, M. S., & Williams, R. G. (2015). Physical controls of variability in North Atlantic phytoplankton communities. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, 60(1), 181-197. doi:10.1002/lno.10011
2014
Mean sea-level variability along the northeast American Atlantic coast and the roles of the wind and the overturning circulation
Woodworth, P. L., Maqueda, M. A. M., Roussenov, V. M., Williams, R. G., & Hughes, C. W. (2014). Mean sea-level variability along the northeast American Atlantic coast and the roles of the wind and the overturning circulation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 119(12), 8916-8935. doi:10.1002/2014JC010520
A ventilation-based framework to explain the regeneration-scavenging balance of iron in the ocean
Tagliabue, A., Williams, R. G., Rogan, N., Achterberg, E. P., & Boyd, P. W. (2014). A ventilation-based framework to explain the regeneration-scavenging balance of iron in the ocean. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 41(20), 7227-7236. doi:10.1002/2014GL061066
Evidence for production and lateral transport of dissolved organic phosphorus in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic
Reynolds, S., Mahaffey, C., Roussenov, V., & Williams, R. G. (2014). Evidence for production and lateral transport of dissolved organic phosphorus in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 28(8), 805-824. doi:10.1002/2013GB004801
The impact of fine‐scale turbulence on phytoplankton community structure
Barton, A. D., Ward, B. A., Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2014). The impact of fine‐scale turbulence on phytoplankton community structure. Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments, 4(1), 34-49. doi:10.1215/21573689-2651533
Open Access Decadal Evolution of Ocean Thermal Anomalies in the North Atlantic: The Effects of Ekman, Overturning, and Horizontal Transport
Williams, R. G., Roussenov, V., Smith, D., & Lozier, M. S. (2014). Open Access Decadal Evolution of Ocean Thermal Anomalies in the North Atlantic: The Effects of Ekman, Overturning, and Horizontal Transport. Journal of Climate, 27(2), 698-719. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00234.1
2013
Wind-driven changes in Southern Ocean residual circulation, ocean carbon reservoirs and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>
Lauderdale, J. M., Garabato, A. C. N., Oliver, K. I. C., Follows, M. J., & Williams, R. G. (2013). Wind-driven changes in Southern Ocean residual circulation, ocean carbon reservoirs and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. CLIMATE DYNAMICS, 41(7-8), 2145-2164. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1650-3
The paradox of the plankton: species competition and nutrient feedback sustain phytoplankton diversity
Kenitz, K., Williams, R. G., Sharples, J., Selsil, O., & Biktashev, V. N. (2013). The paradox of the plankton: species competition and nutrient feedback sustain phytoplankton diversity. MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, 490, 107-119. doi:10.3354/meps10452
Water Mass Transformations in the Southern Ocean Diagnosed from Observations: Contrasting Effects of Air-Sea Fluxes and Diapycnal Mixing
Badin, G., Williams, R. G., Jing, Z., & Wu, L. (2013). Water Mass Transformations in the Southern Ocean Diagnosed from Observations: Contrasting Effects of Air-Sea Fluxes and Diapycnal Mixing. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 43(7), 1472-1484. doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-0216.1
Internal Wave Reflection on Shelf Slopes with Depth-Varying Stratification
Hall, R. A., Huthnance, J. M., & Williams, R. G. (2013). Internal Wave Reflection on Shelf Slopes with Depth-Varying Stratification. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 43(2), 248-258. doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0192.1
2012
How warming and steric sea level rise relate to cumulative carbon emissions
Williams, R. G., Goodwin, P., Ridgwell, A., & Woodworth, P. L. (2012). How warming and steric sea level rise relate to cumulative carbon emissions. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 39. doi:10.1029/2012GL052771
Sea level changes at Ascension Island in the last half century
Woodworth, P. L., Foden, P. R., Jones, D. S., Pugh, J., Holgate, S. J., Hibbert, A., . . . Williams, R. G. (2012). Sea level changes at Ascension Island in the last half century. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE, 34(3), 443-452. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2012.689623
OCEANOGRAPHY Centennial warming of ocean jets
Williams, R. G. (2012). OCEANOGRAPHY Centennial warming of ocean jets. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE, 2(3), 149-150. doi:10.1038/nclimate1393
2011
Nutrient streams in the North Atlantic: Advective pathways of inorganic and dissolved organic nutrients
Williams, R. G., McDonagh, E., Roussenov, V. M., Torres-Valdes, S., King, B., Sanders, R., & Hansell, D. A. (2011). Nutrient streams in the North Atlantic: Advective pathways of inorganic and dissolved organic nutrients. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 25. doi:10.1029/2010GB003853
The supply of excess phosphate across the Gulf Stream and the maintenance of subtropical nitrogen fixation
Palter, J. B., Lozier, M. S., Sarmiento, J. L., & Williams, R. G. (2011). The supply of excess phosphate across the Gulf Stream and the maintenance of subtropical nitrogen fixation. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 25. doi:10.1029/2010GB003955
OCEANOGRAPHY Ocean eddies and plankton blooms
Williams, R. G. (2011). OCEANOGRAPHY Ocean eddies and plankton blooms. NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 4(11), 739-740. doi:10.1038/ngeo1307
Internal tides, nonlinear internal wave trains, and mixing in the Faroe-Shetland Channel
Hall, R. A., Huthnance, J. M., & Williams, R. G. (2011). Internal tides, nonlinear internal wave trains, and mixing in the Faroe-Shetland Channel. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 116. doi:10.1029/2010JC006213
Ocean Dynamics and the Carbon Cycle: Principles and Mechanisms
Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2011). Ocean Dynamics and the Carbon Cycle: Principles and Mechanisms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2010
The shaping of storm tracks by mountains and ocean dynamics
Wilson, C., Sinha, B., & Williams, R. G. (2010). The shaping of storm tracks by mountains and ocean dynamics. WEATHER, 65(12), 320-323. doi:10.1002/wea.633
Opposing decadal changes for the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (vol 3, pg 728, 2010)
Lozier, M. S., Roussenov, V., Reed, M. S. C., & Williams, R. G. (2010). Opposing decadal changes for the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (vol 3, pg 728, 2010). NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 3(11), 805. doi:10.1038/NGEO1010
Opposing decadal changes for the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Lozier, M. S., Roussenov, V., Reed, M. S. C., & Williams, R. G. (2010). Opposing decadal changes for the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 3(10), 728-734. doi:10.1038/NGEO947
Modelling the effects of chromatic adaptation on phytoplankton community structure in the oligotrophic ocean
Hickman, A. E., Dutkiewicz, S., Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2010). Modelling the effects of chromatic adaptation on phytoplankton community structure in the oligotrophic ocean. MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, 406, 1-17. doi:10.3354/meps08588
Water-mass transformation in the shelf seas
Badin, G., Williams, R. G., & Sharples, J. (2010). Water-mass transformation in the shelf seas. JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH, 68(2), 189-214. doi:10.1357/002224010793721442
On the Buoyancy Forcing and Residual Circulation in the Southern Ocean: The Feedback from Ekman and Eddy Transfer
Badin, G., & Williams, R. G. (2010). On the Buoyancy Forcing and Residual Circulation in the Southern Ocean: The Feedback from Ekman and Eddy Transfer. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 40(2), 295-310. doi:10.1175/2009JPO4080.1
2009
Are mesoscale eddies in shelf seas formed by baroclinic instability of tidal fronts?
Badin, G., Williams, R. G., Holt, J. T., & Fernand, L. J. (2009). Are mesoscale eddies in shelf seas formed by baroclinic instability of tidal fronts?. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 114. doi:10.1029/2009JC005340
Distribution of dissolved organic nutrients and their effect on export production over the Atlantic Ocean
Torres-Valdes, S., Roussenov, V. M., Sanders, R., Reynolds, S., Pan, X., Mather, R., . . . Williams, R. G. (2009). Distribution of dissolved organic nutrients and their effect on export production over the Atlantic Ocean. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 23. doi:10.1029/2008GB003389
The Effect of Ocean Dynamics and Orography on Atmospheric Storm Tracks
Wilson, C., Sinha, B., & Williams, R. G. (2009). The Effect of Ocean Dynamics and Orography on Atmospheric Storm Tracks. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 22(13), 3689-3702. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2651.1
Climate sensitivity to the carbon cycle modulated by past and future changes in ocean chemistry
Goodwin, P., Williams, R. G., Ridgwell, A., & Follows, M. J. (2009). Climate sensitivity to the carbon cycle modulated by past and future changes in ocean chemistry. NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 2(2), 145-150. doi:10.1038/NGEO416
Tritium ventilation ages of waters along 36°N and 25°W in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean
Zhou, Z., Ballentine, C. J., Postlethwaite, C. F., & Williams, R. G. (2009). Tritium ventilation ages of waters along 36°N and 25°W in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. In GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA Vol. 73 (pp. A1528). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
2008
Analytical relationships between atmospheric carbon dioxide, carbon emissions, and ocean processes
Goodwin, P., Follows, M. J., & Williams, R. G. (2008). Analytical relationships between atmospheric carbon dioxide, carbon emissions, and ocean processes. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 22(3). doi:10.1029/2008GB003184
Boundary wave communication of bottom pressure and overturning changes for the North Atlantic
Roussenov, V. M., Williams, R. G., Hughes, C. W., & Bingham, R. J. (2008). Boundary wave communication of bottom pressure and overturning changes for the North Atlantic. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 113(C8). doi:10.1029/2007JC004501
Phosphorus cycling in the North and South Atlantic Ocean subtropical gyres
Mather, R. L., Reynolds, S. E., Wolff, G. A., Williams, R. G., Torres-Valdes, S., Woodward, E. M. S., . . . Achterberg, E. P. (2008). Phosphorus cycling in the North and South Atlantic Ocean subtropical gyres. NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 1(7), 439-443. doi:10.1038/ngeo232
The spatial pattern and mechanisms of heat-content change in the North Atlantic
Lozier, M. S., Leadbetter, S., Williams, R. G., Roussenov, V., Reed, M. S. C., & Moore, N. J. (2008). The spatial pattern and mechanisms of heat-content change in the North Atlantic. SCIENCE, 319(5864), 800-803. doi:10.1126/science.1146436
2007
Meridional coherence of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Bingham, R. J., Hughes, C. W., Roussenov, V., & Williams, R. G. (2007). Meridional coherence of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 34(23). doi:10.1029/2007GL031731
How widespread and important is N<sub>2</sub> fixation in the north Atlantic ocean?
Reynolds, S. E., Mather, R. L., Wolff, G. A., Williams, R. G., Landolfi, A., Sanders, R., & Woodward, E. M. S. (2007). How widespread and important is N<sub>2</sub> fixation in the north Atlantic ocean?. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 21(4). doi:10.1029/2006GB002886
Ocean and atmosphere storm tracks: The role of eddy vorticity forcing
Williams, R. G., Wilson, C., & Hughes, C. W. (2007). Ocean and atmosphere storm tracks: The role of eddy vorticity forcing. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 37(9), 2267-2289. doi:10.1175/JPO3120.1
A twenty year reversal in water mass trends in the subtropical North Atlantic
Leadbetter, S. J., Williams, R. G., McDonagh, E. L., & King, B. A. (2007). A twenty year reversal in water mass trends in the subtropical North Atlantic. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 34(12). doi:10.1029/2007GL029957
Ocean-atmosphere partitioning of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on centennial timescales
Goodwin, P., Williams, R. G., Follows, M. J., & Dutkiewicz, S. (2007). Ocean-atmosphere partitioning of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on centennial timescales. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 21(1). doi:10.1029/2006GB002810
2006
Does the transport of dissolved organic nutrients affect export production in the Atlantic Ocean?
Roussenov, V., Williams, R. G., Mahaffey, C., & Wolff, G. A. (2006). Does the transport of dissolved organic nutrients affect export production in the Atlantic Ocean?. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 20(3). doi:10.1029/2005GB002510
Topographic control of basin and channel flows: The role of bottom pressure torques and friction
Jackson, L., Hughes, C. W., & Williams, R. G. (2006). Topographic control of basin and channel flows: The role of bottom pressure torques and friction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 36(9), 1786-1805. doi:10.1175/JPO2936.1
The atlantic Meridional Transect (CMT) Programme: A contextual view 1995-2005
Robinson, C., Poulton, A. J., Holligan, P. M., Baker, A. R., Forster, G., Gist, N., . . . Zubkov, M. V. (2006). The atlantic Meridional Transect (CMT) Programme: A contextual view 1995-2005. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY, 53(14-16), 1485-1515. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.015
Nutrient streams and their induction into the mixed layer
Williams, R. G., Roussenov, V., & Follows, M. J. (2006). Nutrient streams and their induction into the mixed layer. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 20(1). doi:10.1029/2005GB002586
When are eddy tracer fluxes directed downgradient?
Wilson, C., & Williams, R. G. (2006). When are eddy tracer fluxes directed downgradient?. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 36(2), 189-201. doi:10.1175/JPO2841.1
The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) Programme: a contextual view 1995 - 2005
Robinson, C., al, E., & Williams, R. G. (2006). The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) Programme: a contextual view 1995 - 2005. Deep-Sea Research II, in press.
2004
Role of bottom water transport and diapycnic mixing in determining the radiocarbon distribution in the Pacific
Roussenov, V., Williams, R. G., Follows, M. J., & Key, R. M. (2004). Role of bottom water transport and diapycnic mixing in determining the radiocarbon distribution in the Pacific. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 109(C6). doi:10.1029/2003JC002188
Mechanisms Controlling the Air-Sea Flux of CO 2 in the North Atlantic
Follows, M., & Williams, R. G. (2004). Mechanisms Controlling the Air-Sea Flux of CO 2 in the North Atlantic. In The Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate (pp. 217-249). Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2087-2_7
Mechanisms Controlling the Air-sea Flux of CO2 in the North Atlantic Ocean
Follows, M. J., & Williams, R. G. (2004). Mechanisms Controlling the Air-sea Flux of CO2 in the North Atlantic Ocean. In M. J. Follows, & T. Oguz (Eds.), The Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate (pp. 1-39). Dordecht: Kluwer.
Physical supply of nitrogen to phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean
Mahaffey, C., Williams, R. G., Wolff, G. A., & Anderson, W. T. (2004). Physical supply of nitrogen to phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 18(1). doi:10.1029/2003GB002129
Why are eddy fluxes of potential vorticity difficult to parameterize?
Wilson, C., & Williams, R. G. (2004). Why are eddy fluxes of potential vorticity difficult to parameterize?. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 34(1), 142-155. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0142:WAEFOP>2.0.CO;2
2003
The role of sloping sidewalls in forming potential vorticity contrasts in the ocean interior
Williams, R. G., & Roussenov, V. (2003). The role of sloping sidewalls in forming potential vorticity contrasts in the ocean interior. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 33(4), 633-648. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(2003)33<633:TROSSI>2.0.CO;2
Biogeochemical signatures of nitrogen fixation in the eastern North Atlantic
Mahaffey, C., Williams, R. G., Wolff, G. A., Mahowald, N., Anderson, W., & Woodward, M. (2003). Biogeochemical signatures of nitrogen fixation in the eastern North Atlantic. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 30(6). doi:10.1029/2002GL016542
Physical Transport of Nutrients and the Maintenance of Biological Production
Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2003). Physical Transport of Nutrients and the Maintenance of Biological Production. In Ocean Biogeochemistry (pp. 19-51). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55844-3_3
2002
Role of the overturning circulation in determining the potential vorticity over the abyssal ocean
Williams, R. G., Day, K., Roussenov, V., & Wood, R. (2002). Role of the overturning circulation in determining the potential vorticity over the abyssal ocean. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 107(C10). doi:10.1029/2001JC001094
Formation of low potential vorticity over the deep Pacific
Roussenov, V., Williams, R. G., & O'Dwyer, J. (2002). Formation of low potential vorticity over the deep Pacific. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 32(6), 1811-1823. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1811:FOLPVO>2.0.CO;2
2001
Comparing the overflow of dense water in isopycnic and cartesian models with tracer observations in the eastern Mediterranean
Roussenov, V. M., Williams, R. G., & Roether, W. (2001). Comparing the overflow of dense water in isopycnic and cartesian models with tracer observations in the eastern Mediterranean. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS, 48(5), 1255-1277. Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
Interannual variability in the thermodynamics of subduction over the North Atlantic
McLaren, A. J., & Williams, R. G. (2001). Interannual variability in the thermodynamics of subduction over the North Atlantic. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 31(11), 3284-3294. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<3284:IVITTO>2.0.CO;2
Ocean Subduction
Williams, R. G. (2001). Ocean Subduction. In Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (pp. 156-166). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-012374473-9.00109-0
2000
Estimating the convective supply of nitrate and implied variability in export production over the North Atlantic
Williams, R. G., McLaren, A. J., & Follows, M. J. (2000). Estimating the convective supply of nitrate and implied variability in export production over the North Atlantic. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 14(4), 1299-1313. doi:10.1029/2000GB001260
Impact of the circulation on sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean
Stratford, K., Williams, R. G., & Myers, P. G. (2000). Impact of the circulation on sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 14(2), 683-695. doi:10.1029/1999GB001157
The role of eddies in the isopycnic transfer of nutrients and their impact on biological production
Lee, M. M., & Williams, R. G. (2000). The role of eddies in the isopycnic transfer of nutrients and their impact on biological production. JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH, 58(6), 895-917. doi:10.1357/002224000763485746
Does the potential vorticity distribution constrain the spreading of floats in the North Atlantic?
O'Dwyer, J., Williams, R. G., LaCasce, J. H., & Speer, K. G. (2000). Does the potential vorticity distribution constrain the spreading of floats in the North Atlantic?. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 30(4), 721-732. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<0721:DTPVDC>2.0.CO;2
1999
Combining altimetry with a thermocline model to examine the transport of the North Atlantic
Williams, R. G., & Pennington, M. (1999). Combining altimetry with a thermocline model to examine the transport of the North Atlantic. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 104(C8), 18269-18280. doi:10.1029/1999JC900125
Diagnosing water mass formation from air-sea fluxes and surface mixing
Nurser, A. J. G., Marsh, R., & Williams, R. G. (1999). Diagnosing water mass formation from air-sea fluxes and surface mixing. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 29(7), 1468-1487. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1468:DWMFFA>2.0.CO;2
The relation between Eddy-induced transport and isopycnic gradients of potential vorticity
Marshall, D. P., Williams, R. G., & Lee, M. M. (1999). The relation between Eddy-induced transport and isopycnic gradients of potential vorticity. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 29(7), 1571-1578. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1571:TRBEIT>2.0.CO;2
1998
Estimating climatological age from a model-derived oxygen-age relationship in the Mediterranean
Stratford, K., Williams, R. G., & Drakopoulos, P. G. (1998). Estimating climatological age from a model-derived oxygen-age relationship in the Mediterranean. JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS, 18(1-3), 215-226. doi:10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00013-X
Oceanography - Eddies make ocean deserts bloom
Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (1998). Oceanography - Eddies make ocean deserts bloom. NATURE, 394(6690), 228-229. doi:10.1038/28285
The Ekman transfer of nutrients and maintenance of new production over the North Atlantic
Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (1998). The Ekman transfer of nutrients and maintenance of new production over the North Atlantic. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS, 45(2-3), 461-489. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(97)00094-0
1997
A tracer study of the formation, dispersal, and renewal of Levantine Intermediate Water
Stratford, K., & Williams, R. G. (1997). A tracer study of the formation, dispersal, and renewal of Levantine Intermediate Water. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 102(C6), 12539-12549. doi:10.1029/97JC00019
On the eddy transfer of tracers: Advective or diffusive?
Lee, M. M., Marshall, D. P., & Williams, R. G. (1997). On the eddy transfer of tracers: Advective or diffusive?. JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH, 55(3), 483-505. doi:10.1357/0022240973224346
The climatological distribution of potential vorticity over the Abyssal Ocean
ODwyer, J., & Williams, R. G. (1997). The climatological distribution of potential vorticity over the Abyssal Ocean. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 27(11), 2488-2506. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2488:TCDOPV>2.0.CO;2
1996
The solubility pump of carbon in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic
Follows, M. J., Williams, R. G., & Marshall, J. C. (1996). The solubility pump of carbon in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic. JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH, 54(4), 605-630. doi:10.1357/0022240963213682
On frontal and ventilated models of the main thermocline
Hood, S., & Williams, R. G. (1996). On frontal and ventilated models of the main thermocline. JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH, 54(2), 211-238. doi:10.1357/0022240963213376
1995
Does Stommel's mixed layer ''demon'' work?
Williams, R. G., Spall, M. A., & Marshall, J. C. (1995). Does Stommel's mixed layer ''demon'' work?. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 25(12), 3089-3102. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<3089:DSMLW>2.0.CO;2
1993
A MIXED-LAYER STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF LEVANTINE INTERMEDIATE WATER
LASCARATOS, A., WILLIAMS, R. G., & TRAGOU, E. (1993). A MIXED-LAYER STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF LEVANTINE INTERMEDIATE WATER. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 98(C8), 14739-14749. doi:10.1029/93JC00912
INFERRING THE SUBDUCTION RATE AND PERIOD OVER THE NORTH-ATLANTIC
MARSHALL, J. C., NURSER, A. J. G., & WILLIAMS, R. G. (1993). INFERRING THE SUBDUCTION RATE AND PERIOD OVER THE NORTH-ATLANTIC. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 23(7), 1315-1329. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1315:ITSRAP>2.0.CO;2
1991
THE ROLE OF THE MIXED LAYER IN SETTING THE POTENTIAL VORTICITY OF THE MAIN THERMOCLINE
WILLIAMS, R. G. (1991). THE ROLE OF THE MIXED LAYER IN SETTING THE POTENTIAL VORTICITY OF THE MAIN THERMOCLINE. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 21(12), 1803-1814. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<1803:TROTML>2.0.CO;2
1990
COOLING PARSONS MODEL OF THE SEPARATED GULF-STREAM
NURSER, A. J. G., & WILLIAMS, R. G. (1990). COOLING PARSONS MODEL OF THE SEPARATED GULF-STREAM. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 20(12), 1974-1979. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<1974:CPMOTS>2.0.CO;2
1989
THE INFLUENCE OF AIR SEA INTERACTION ON THE VENTILATED THERMOCLINE
WILLIAMS, R. G. (1989). THE INFLUENCE OF AIR SEA INTERACTION ON THE VENTILATED THERMOCLINE. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 19(9), 1255-1267. doi:2.0.CO;2">10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019<1255:TIOAIO>2.0.CO;2
1988
MODIFICATION OF OCEAN EDDIES BY AIR-SEA INTERACTION
WILLIAMS, R. G. (1988). MODIFICATION OF OCEAN EDDIES BY AIR-SEA INTERACTION. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS, 93(C12), 15523-15533. doi:10.1029/JC093iC12p15523