Publications
Selected publications
- A Comparison of Host Responses to Infection with Wild-Type Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Tufted Ducks. (Journal article - 2023)
- Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8. (Journal article - 2021)
- Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia. (Journal article - 2020)
- Assessing compatibility and viral fitness between poultry-adapted H9N2 and wild bird-derived neuraminidases. (Journal article - 2023)
- A high-quality Genome and Comparison of Short versus Long Read Transcriptome of the Palaearctic duck<i>Aythya fuligula</i>(Tufted Duck) (Preprint - 2021)
- Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats. (Journal article - 2019)
2024
Genetic features of avian influenza (A/H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from quail in Egypt.
Elhusseiny, M. H., Elsayed, M. M., Mady, W. H., Mahana, O., Bakry, N. R., Abdelaziz, O., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2024). Genetic features of avian influenza (A/H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from quail in Egypt.. Virus research, 350, 199482. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199482
Emergence of the novel infectious bursal disease virus variant in vaccinated poultry flocks in Egypt.
Shahein, M. A., Sultan, H. A., Zanaty, A., Adel, A., Mosaad, Z., Said, D., . . . Samy, A. (2024). Emergence of the novel infectious bursal disease virus variant in vaccinated poultry flocks in Egypt.. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A, 53(5), 419-429. doi:10.1080/03079457.2024.2348513
Expression of influenza A virus glycan receptor candidates in mallard, chicken, and tufted duck.
Nilsson, J., Eriksson, P., Naguib, M. M., Jax, E., Sihlbom, C., Olsson, B. -M., . . . Ellström, P. (2024). Expression of influenza A virus glycan receptor candidates in mallard, chicken, and tufted duck.. Glycobiology, 34(3), cwad098. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwad098
2023
Immunogenicity and Cross-Protective Efficacy Induced by an Inactivated Recombinant Avian Influenza A/H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) Vaccine against Co-Circulating Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses.
Mahmoud, S. H., Khalil, A. A., Abo Shama, N. M., El Sayed, M. F., Soliman, R. A., Hagag, N. M., . . . Mostafa, A. (2023). Immunogenicity and Cross-Protective Efficacy Induced by an Inactivated Recombinant Avian Influenza A/H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) Vaccine against Co-Circulating Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses.. Vaccines, 11(9), 1397. doi:10.3390/vaccines11091397
A Comparison of Host Responses to Infection with Wild-Type Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Tufted Ducks.
Naguib, M. M., Eriksson, P., Jax, E., Wille, M., Lindskog, C., Bröjer, C., . . . Ellström, P. (2023). A Comparison of Host Responses to Infection with Wild-Type Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Tufted Ducks.. Microbiology spectrum, 11(4), e0258622. doi:10.1128/spectrum.02586-22
An oseltamivir-resistant avian H1N1 influenza A virus can transmit from mallards to chickens similarly to a wild-type strain: implications for the risk of resistance transmission to humans.
Skog, E., Nykvist, M., Naguib, M. M., Wille, M., Bröjer, C., Agarwal, V., . . . Järhult, J. D. (2023). An oseltamivir-resistant avian H1N1 influenza A virus can transmit from mallards to chickens similarly to a wild-type strain: implications for the risk of resistance transmission to humans.. The Journal of general virology, 104(4). doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001835
Assessing compatibility and viral fitness between poultry-adapted H9N2 and wild bird-derived neuraminidases.
Wasberg, A., Faria, I. R., Bergholm, J., Petric, P. P., Mostafa, A., Pleschka, S., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2023). Assessing compatibility and viral fitness between poultry-adapted H9N2 and wild bird-derived neuraminidases.. Scientific reports, 13(1), 4476. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31653-1
Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) of Clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt, 2021-2022.
Mosaad, Z., Elhusseiny, M. H., Zanaty, A., Fathy, M. M., Hagag, N. M., Mady, W. H., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2023). Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) of Clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt, 2021-2022.. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 12(1), 90. doi:10.3390/pathogens12010090
2022
Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Analysis of Avian Influenza A(H5) Viruses Circulating in Egypt, 2019-2021.
Hagag, N. M., Yehia, N., El-Husseiny, M. H., Adel, A., Shalaby, A. G., Rabie, N., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2022). Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Analysis of Avian Influenza A(H5) Viruses Circulating in Egypt, 2019-2021.. Viruses, 14(8), 1758. doi:10.3390/v14081758
Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens.
Adel, A., Abdelmagid, M. A., Mohamed, A. A. -E., Wasberg, A., Mosaad, Z., Selim, K., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2022). Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens.. Viruses, 14(5), 1030. doi:10.3390/v14051030
Comparison of genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes II, XXI and VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as selection marker.
Naguib, M. M., Höper, D., Elkady, M. F., Afifi, M. A., Erfan, A., Abozeid, H. H., . . . Grund, C. (2022). Comparison of genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes II, XXI and VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as selection marker.. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 69(2), 849-863. doi:10.1111/tbed.14121
2021
A high-quality genome and comparison of short- versus long-read transcriptome of the palaearctic duck Aythya fuligula (tufted duck).
Mueller, R. C., Ellström, P., Howe, K., Uliano-Silva, M., Kuo, R. I., Miedzinska, K., . . . Kraus, R. H. S. (2021). A high-quality genome and comparison of short- versus long-read transcriptome of the palaearctic duck Aythya fuligula (tufted duck).. GigaScience, 10(12), giab081. doi:10.1093/gigascience/giab081
Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8.
Amer, F., Li, R., Rabie, N., El-Husseiny, M. H., Yehia, N., Hagag, N. M., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2021). Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8.. Viruses, 13(8), 1565. doi:10.3390/v13081565
Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017-2019.
Tarek, M., Naguib, M. M., Arafa, A. -S., Tantawy, L. A., Selim, K. M., Talaat, S., & Sultan, H. A. (2021). Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017-2019.. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 11(8), 2208. doi:10.3390/ani11082208
Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Influenza Virus Like Particles Prepared from H5N1 Virus of Clade 2.2.1.2 in Chickens.
El-Husseiny, M. H., Hagag, N. M., Pushko, P., Tretyakova, I., Naguib, M. M., & Arafa, A. S. (2021). Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Influenza Virus Like Particles Prepared from H5N1 Virus of Clade 2.2.1.2 in Chickens.. Vaccines, 9(7), 715. doi:10.3390/vaccines9070715
Live and Wet Markets: Food Access versus the Risk of Disease Emergence.
Naguib, M. M., Li, R., Ling, J., Grace, D., Nguyen-Viet, H., & Lindahl, J. F. (2021). Live and Wet Markets: Food Access versus the Risk of Disease Emergence.. Trends in microbiology, 29(7), 573-581. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.02.007
A high-quality Genome and Comparison of Short versus Long Read Transcriptome of the Palaearctic duck<i>Aythya fuligula</i>(Tufted Duck)
2020
Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies.
Abozeid, H. H., & Naguib, M. M. (2020). Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies.. Veterinary sciences, 7(4), E204. doi:10.3390/vetsci7040204
Genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes 2.XX1 and 2.VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as a driving force of spread
Revealing interspecies transmission barriers of avian influenza A viruses
Towards pandemic preparedness beyond COVID-19.
Naguib, M. M., Ellström, P., Järhult, J. D., Lundkvist, Å., & Olsen, B. (2020). Towards pandemic preparedness beyond COVID-19.. The Lancet. Microbe, 1(5), e185-e186. doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30088-4
Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia.
Lycett, S. J., Pohlmann, A., Staubach, C., Caliendo, V., Woolhouse, M., Beer, M., . . . Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses. (2020). Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(34), 20814-20825. doi:10.1073/pnas.2001813117
WSV 2019: The First Committee Meeting of the World Society for Virology.
Abdel-Moneim, A. S., Moore, M. D., Naguib, M. M., Romalde, J. L., & Söderlund-Venermo, M. (2020). WSV 2019: The First Committee Meeting of the World Society for Virology.. Virologica Sinica, 35(2), 248-252. doi:10.1007/s12250-019-00189-y
Phylogeographic Dynamics of Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Crossing Egypt.
Li, R., Adel, A., Bohlin, J., Lundkvist, Å., Olsen, B., Pettersson, J. H. -O., & Naguib, M. M. (2020). Phylogeographic Dynamics of Influenza A(H9N2) Virus Crossing Egypt.. Frontiers in microbiology, 11, 392. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00392
Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt.
Nabil, N. M., Erfan, A. M., Tawakol, M. M., Haggag, N. M., Naguib, M. M., & Samy, A. (2020). Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in Northern Egypt.. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 9(3), E196. doi:10.3390/pathogens9030196
2019
Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats.
Naguib, M. M., Verhagen, J. H., Mostafa, A., Wille, M., Li, R., Graaf, A., . . . Olsen, B. (2019). Global patterns of avian influenza A (H7): virus evolution and zoonotic threats.. FEMS microbiology reviews, 43(6), 608-621. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuz019
Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in Egypt revealed a novel reassortant H6N2 subtype
Zanaty, A. M., Erfan, A. M., Mady, W. H., Amer, F., Nour, A. A., Rabie, N., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2019). Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in Egypt revealed a novel reassortant H6N2 subtype. Avian Research, 10(1). doi:10.1186/s40657-019-0180-7
Isolation of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2) Virus in Egypt.
Hagag, N. M., Erfan, A. M., El-Husseiny, M., Shalaby, A. G., Saif, M. A., Tawakol, M. M., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2019). Isolation of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2) Virus in Egypt.. Viruses, 11(6), E565. doi:10.3390/v11060565
Chicken anaemia virus enhances and prolongs subsequent avian influenza (H9N2) and infectious bronchitis viral infections.
Erfan, A. M., Selim, A. A., Helmy, S. A., Eriksson, P., & Naguib, M. M. (2019). Chicken anaemia virus enhances and prolongs subsequent avian influenza (H9N2) and infectious bronchitis viral infections.. Veterinary microbiology, 230, 123-129. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.024
Avian influenza viruses at the wild-domestic bird interface in Egypt.
Naguib, M. M., Verhagen, J. H., Samy, A., Eriksson, P., Fife, M., Lundkvist, Å., . . . Järhult, J. D. (2019). Avian influenza viruses at the wild-domestic bird interface in Egypt.. Infection ecology & epidemiology, 9(1), 1575687. doi:10.1080/20008686.2019.1575687
2018
Endemic situation of multiple avian influenza strains in poultry in Egypt: A continuing nightmare.
Naguib, M. M., & Harder, T. (2018). Endemic situation of multiple avian influenza strains in poultry in Egypt: A continuing nightmare.. Zoonoses and public health, 65(8), 908-910. doi:10.1111/zph.12486
A novel European H5N8 influenza A virus has increased virulence in ducks but low zoonotic potential.
Grund, C., Hoffmann, D., Ulrich, R., Naguib, M., Schinköthe, J., Hoffmann, B., . . . Beer, M. (2018). A novel European H5N8 influenza A virus has increased virulence in ducks but low zoonotic potential.. Emerging microbes & infections, 7(1), 132. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0130-1
Characterization of full genome sequences of chicken anemia viruses circulating in Egypt reveals distinct genetic diversity and evidence of recombination.
Erfan, A. M., Selim, A. A., & Naguib, M. M. (2018). Characterization of full genome sequences of chicken anemia viruses circulating in Egypt reveals distinct genetic diversity and evidence of recombination.. Virus research, 251, 78-85. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.008
Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt.
Yehia, N., Naguib, M. M., Li, R., Hagag, N., El-Husseiny, M., Mosaad, Z., . . . Arafa, A. -S. A. (2018). Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt.. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 58, 56-65. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.011
Avian Respiratory Coinfection and Impact on Avian Influenza Pathogenicity in Domestic Poultry: Field and Experimental Findings.
Samy, A., & Naguib, M. M. (2018). Avian Respiratory Coinfection and Impact on Avian Influenza Pathogenicity in Domestic Poultry: Field and Experimental Findings.. Veterinary sciences, 5(1), E23. doi:10.3390/vetsci5010023
2017
Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets.
Naguib, M. M., Ulrich, R., Kasbohm, E., Eng, C. L. P., Hoffmann, D., Grund, C., . . . Harder, T. C. (2017). Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets.. Journal of virology, 91(23), e01300-e01317. doi:10.1128/jvi.01300-17
Insights into genetic diversity and biological propensities of potentially zoonotic avian influenza H9N2 viruses circulating in Egypt.
Naguib, M. M., Arafa, A. -S., Parvin, R., Beer, M., Vahlenkamp, T., & Harder, T. C. (2017). Insights into genetic diversity and biological propensities of potentially zoonotic avian influenza H9N2 viruses circulating in Egypt.. Virology, 511, 165-174. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.028
New real time and conventional RT-PCRs for updated molecular diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus infection (IBV) in chickens in Egypt associated with frequent co-infections with avian influenza and Newcastle Disease viruses.
Naguib, M. M., El-Kady, M. F., Lüschow, D., Hassan, K. E., Arafa, A. -S., El-Zanaty, A., . . . Harder, T. C. (2017). New real time and conventional RT-PCRs for updated molecular diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus infection (IBV) in chickens in Egypt associated with frequent co-infections with avian influenza and Newcastle Disease viruses.. Journal of virological methods, 245, 19-27. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.02.018
Heterologous post-infection immunity against Egyptian avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 modulates the course of subsequent infection by highly pathogenic AIV H5N1, but vaccination immunity does not.
Naguib, M. M., Grund, C., Arafa, A. -S., Abdelwhab, E. M., Beer, M., & Harder, T. C. (2017). Heterologous post-infection immunity against Egyptian avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 modulates the course of subsequent infection by highly pathogenic AIV H5N1, but vaccination immunity does not.. The Journal of general virology, 98(6), 1169-1173. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000767
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Infection in Migratory Birds, Egypt.
Selim, A. A., Erfan, A. M., Hagag, N., Zanaty, A., Samir, A. -H., Samy, M., . . . Naguib, M. M. (2017). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Infection in Migratory Birds, Egypt.. Emerging infectious diseases, 23(6), 1048-1051. doi:10.3201/eid2306.162056
Novel real-time PCR-based patho- and phylotyping of potentially zoonotic avian influenza A subtype H5 viruses at risk of incursion into Europe in 2017.
Naguib, M. M., Graaf, A., Fortin, A., Luttermann, C., Wernery, U., Amarin, N., . . . Harder, T. C. (2017). Novel real-time PCR-based patho- and phylotyping of potentially zoonotic avian influenza A subtype H5 viruses at risk of incursion into Europe in 2017.. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 22(1), 30435. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.1.30435
2016
Full genome sequence analysis of a newly emerged QX-like infectious bronchitis virus from Sudan reveals distinct spots of recombination.
Naguib, M. M., Höper, D., Arafa, A. -S., Setta, A. M., Abed, M., Monne, I., . . . Harder, T. C. (2016). Full genome sequence analysis of a newly emerged QX-like infectious bronchitis virus from Sudan reveals distinct spots of recombination.. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 46, 42-49. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.017
The matrix gene of influenza A H5N1 in Egypt, 2006-2016: molecular insights and distribution of amantadine-resistant variants.
Naguib, M. M., Hagag, N., El-Sanousi, A. A., Hussein, H. A., & Arafa, A. -S. (2016). The matrix gene of influenza A H5N1 in Egypt, 2006-2016: molecular insights and distribution of amantadine-resistant variants.. Virus genes, 52(6), 872-876. doi:10.1007/s11262-016-1373-3
The sequence of the full spike S1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus circulating in Egypt reveals evidence of intra-genotypic recombination.
Zanaty, A., Naguib, M. M., El-Husseiny, M. H., Mady, W., Hagag, N., & Arafa, A. -S. (2016). The sequence of the full spike S1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus circulating in Egypt reveals evidence of intra-genotypic recombination.. Archives of virology, 161(12), 3583-3587. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-3042-1
Evolutionary features of influenza A/H5N1 virus populations in Egypt: poultry and human health implications.
Naguib, M. M., Abdelwhab, E. M., & Harder, T. C. (2016). Evolutionary features of influenza A/H5N1 virus populations in Egypt: poultry and human health implications.. Archives of virology, 161(7), 1963-1967. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2849-0
Introduction and enzootic of A/H5N1 in Egypt: Virus evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy ten years on.
Abdelwhab, E. M., Hassan, M. K., Abdel-Moneim, A. S., Naguib, M. M., Mostafa, A., Hussein, I. T. M., . . . Hafez, H. M. (2016). Introduction and enzootic of A/H5N1 in Egypt: Virus evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy ten years on.. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 40, 80-90. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.023
Different counteracting host immune responses to clade 2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2 Egyptian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in naïve and vaccinated chickens.
Samy, A. A., El-Enbaawy, M. I., El-Sanousi, A. A., Nasef, S. A., Naguib, M. M., Abdelwhab, E. M., . . . Saito, T. (2016). Different counteracting host immune responses to clade 2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2 Egyptian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in naïve and vaccinated chickens.. Veterinary microbiology, 183, 103-109. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.005
2015
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c in hunting falcons and kept wild birds in Dubai implicate intercontinental virus spread.
Naguib, M. M., Kinne, J., Chen, H., Chan, K. -H., Joseph, S., Wong, P. -C., . . . Harder, T. C. (2015). Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c in hunting falcons and kept wild birds in Dubai implicate intercontinental virus spread.. The Journal of general virology, 96(11), 3212-3222. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000274
Evolutionary trajectories and diagnostic challenges of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulating in Egypt.
Naguib, M. M., Arafa, A. -S. A., El-Kady, M. F., Selim, A. A., Gunalan, V., Maurer-Stroh, S., . . . Harder, T. C. (2015). Evolutionary trajectories and diagnostic challenges of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulating in Egypt.. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 34, 278-291. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.004
Emergence of a novel cluster of influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.2.1.2 with putative human health impact in Egypt, 2014/15.
Arafa, A. S., Naguib, M. M., Luttermann, C., Selim, A. A., Kilany, W. H., Hagag, N., . . . Harder, T. C. (2015). Emergence of a novel cluster of influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.2.1.2 with putative human health impact in Egypt, 2014/15.. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 20(13), 2-8. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.13.21085
2012
Effect of cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype with low pathogenic H9N2 subtype on the spread of infections.
Arafa, A. -S., Hagag, N. M., Yehia, N., Zanaty, A. M., Naguib, M. M., & Nasef, S. A. (2012). Effect of cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype with low pathogenic H9N2 subtype on the spread of infections.. In Avian diseases Vol. 56 (pp. 849-857). doi:10.1637/10152-040812-reg.1