Publications
2024
Advancing the management of maternal, fetal, and neonatal infection through harnessing digital health innovations.
Ming, D. K., Merriel, A., Freeman, D. M. E., Kingdon, C., Chimwaza, Y., Islam, M. S., . . . Holmes, A. H. (2024). Advancing the management of maternal, fetal, and neonatal infection through harnessing digital health innovations.. The Lancet. Digital health, S2589-7500(24)00217-6. doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(24)00217-6
Being pregnant and obese: A qualitative study of the experiences of pregnancy and birth of women who are obese.
Kerrigan, A., Cheyne, H., Duncan, E., & Kingdon, C. (2024). Being pregnant and obese: A qualitative study of the experiences of pregnancy and birth of women who are obese.. Midwifery, 141, 104257. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2024.104257
Preferences for induction of labour methods in India: a qualitative study of views and experiences of women, clinicians, and researchers
HAWKER, L. A., MUNDLE, S., TRIPATHY, J. P., DESHMUKH, P., WINIKOFF, B., WEEKS, A. D., . . . LIGHTLY, K. (2024). Preferences for induction of labour methods in India: a qualitative study of views and experiences of women, clinicians, and researchers. AJOG Global Reports, 100389. doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2024.100389
2023
The makings of a maternal obesity epidemic: A meta-narrative review.
Feltham, C., Thomson, G., & Kingdon, C. (2023). The makings of a maternal obesity epidemic: A meta-narrative review.. Midwifery, 127, 103826. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103826
A research agenda to improve incidence and outcomes of assisted vaginal birth.
Betrán, A. P., Torloni, M. R., Althabe, F., Altieri, E., Arulkumaran, S., Ashraf, F., . . . Oladapo, O. O. (2023). A research agenda to improve incidence and outcomes of assisted vaginal birth.. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 101(11), 723-729. doi:10.2471/blt.23.290140
Assessing safe and personalised maternity and neonatal care through a pandemic: a case study of outcomes and experiences in two trusts in England using the ASPIRE COVID-19 framework.
Neal, S., Stone, L., Moncrieff, G., Matthews, Z., Kingdon, C., Topalidou, A., . . . Downe, S. (2023). Assessing safe and personalised maternity and neonatal care through a pandemic: a case study of outcomes and experiences in two trusts in England using the ASPIRE COVID-19 framework.. BMC health services research, 23(1), 675. doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09669-0
Theories for interventions to reduce physical and verbal abuse: A mixed methods review of the health and social care literature to inform future maternity care.
Downe, S., Nowland, R., Clegg, A., Akooji, N., Harris, C., Farrier, A., . . . Tunçalp, Ö. (2023). Theories for interventions to reduce physical and verbal abuse: A mixed methods review of the health and social care literature to inform future maternity care.. PLOS global public health, 3(4), e0001594. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001594
The United Kingdom and the Netherlands maternity care responses to COVID-19: A comparative study.
van den Berg, L. M. M., Balaam, M. -C., Nowland, R., Moncrieff, G., Topalidou, A., Thompson, S., . . . ASPIRE-COVID19 Research Team. (2023). The United Kingdom and the Netherlands maternity care responses to COVID-19: A comparative study.. Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 36(1), 127-135. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2022.03.010
2022
Making maternity and neonatal care personalised in the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Babies Born Better survey in the UK and the Netherlands.
van den Berg, L. M. M., Akooji, N., Thomson, G., de Jonge, A., Balaam, M. -C., Topalidou, A., . . . ASPIRE COVID-19 research team. (2022). Making maternity and neonatal care personalised in the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Babies Born Better survey in the UK and the Netherlands.. PloS one, 17(11), e0267415. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267415
Implementing Professional Midwife-Led Maternity Care in India for Healthy Pregnant Women: A Community Case Study.
Beckingham, A., Downe, S., Fernandez, E., Reed, B., Kaur, I., Aziz, N., & Kingdon, C. (2022). Implementing Professional Midwife-Led Maternity Care in India for Healthy Pregnant Women: A Community Case Study.. Frontiers in public health, 10, 875595. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.875595
A Systematic Review of Perinatal Social Support Interventions for Asylum-seeking and Refugee Women Residing in Europe.
Balaam, M. -C., Kingdon, C., & Haith-Cooper, M. (2022). A Systematic Review of Perinatal Social Support Interventions for Asylum-seeking and Refugee Women Residing in Europe.. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 24(3), 741-758. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01242-3
Changes in caesarean section rates in China during the period of transition from the one-child to two-child policy era: cross-sectional National Household Health Services Surveys.
Long, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Tang, X., & Kingdon, C. (2022). Changes in caesarean section rates in China during the period of transition from the one-child to two-child policy era: cross-sectional National Household Health Services Surveys.. BMJ open, 12(4), e059208. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059208
“There’s only so much you can be pushed”: a commentary on the magnification of the maternity staffing crisis by the 2020/21 COVID-19 pandemic
Companionship for women/birthing people using antenatal and intrapartum care in England during COVID-19: a mixed-methods analysis of national and organisational responses and perspectives.
Thomson, G., Balaam, M. -C., Nowland Harris, R., Crossland, N., Moncrieff, G., Heys, S., . . . ASPIRE-COVID19 Collaborative Group. (2022). Companionship for women/birthing people using antenatal and intrapartum care in England during COVID-19: a mixed-methods analysis of national and organisational responses and perspectives.. BMJ open, 12(1), e051965. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051965
'Never waste a crisis': a commentary on the COVID-19 pandemic as a driver for innovation in maternity care
van den Berg, L. M. M., Thomson, G., de Jonge, A., Balaam, M. -C., Moncrieff, G., Topalidou, A., . . . Team, A. S. P. I. R. E. C. (2022). 'Never waste a crisis': a commentary on the COVID-19 pandemic as a driver for innovation in maternity care. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 129(1), 3-8. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16996
Intrapartum fetal monitoring and mode of birth in India: A qualitative study
Lightly, K., Mundle, S., Tripathy, J., Deshmukh, P., Winikoff, B., Alfirevic, E. Z., . . . Kingdon, C. (2022). Intrapartum fetal monitoring and mode of birth in India: A qualitative study. In BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY Vol. 129 (pp. 75). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
Intrapartum fetal monitoring and mode of birth in India: A qualitative study
Lightly, K., Mundle, S., Tripathy, J., Deshmukh, P., Winikoff, B., Alfirevic, E. Z., . . . Kingdon, C. (2022). Intrapartum fetal monitoring and mode of birth in India: A qualitative study. In BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY Vol. 129 (pp. 75-76). Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
2021
The aspire study 1. A midwifery-led research response to covid-19 and beyond
Kingdon, C., Crossland, N., Feeley, C., Balaam, M. C., Powney, D., Topalidou, A., . . . Downe, S. (2021). The aspire study 1. A midwifery-led research response to covid-19 and beyond. Practising Midwife, 24(9), 22-31.
Training and expertise in undertaking assisted vaginal delivery (AVD): a mixed methods systematic review of practitioners views and experiences
Feeley, C., Crossland, N., Betran, A. P., Weeks, A., Downe, S., & Kingdon, C. (2021). Training and expertise in undertaking assisted vaginal delivery (AVD): a mixed methods systematic review of practitioners views and experiences. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, 18(1). doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01146-3
Do women prefer caesarean sections? A qualitative evidence synthesis of their views and experiences.
Colomar, M., Opiyo, N., Kingdon, C., Long, Q., Nion, S., Bohren, M. A., & Betran, A. P. (2021). Do women prefer caesarean sections? A qualitative evidence synthesis of their views and experiences.. PloS one, 16(5), e0251072. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251072
Physician-patient communication in decision-making about Caesarean sections in eight district hospitals in Bangladesh: a mixed-method study.
Doraiswamy, S., Billah, S. M., Karim, F., Siraj, M. S., Buckingham, A., & Kingdon, C. (2021). Physician-patient communication in decision-making about Caesarean sections in eight district hospitals in Bangladesh: a mixed-method study.. Reproductive health, 18(1), 34. doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01098-8
Prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for cesarean section in Iran: a mixed-methods systematic review.
Shirzad, M., Shakibazadeh, E., Hajimiri, K., Betran, A. P., Jahanfar, S., Bohren, M. A., . . . Abedini, M. (2021). Prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for cesarean section in Iran: a mixed-methods systematic review.. Reproductive health, 18(1), 3. doi:10.1186/s12978-020-01047-x
2020
Physician-patient communication in decision-making about Caesarean sections in eight district hospitals in Bangladesh: A mixed-method study
Physician-Patient Communication in Decision-Making about Caesarean Sections in Eight District Hospitals in Bangladesh: A Mixed-Method Study
Wolf, J.H.. Cesarean Section: An American History of Risk, Technology and Consequence, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. 2018. 320 pp. $24.95 (pbk) ISBN: 978‐1‐4214‐2552‐8
Kingdon, C. (2020). Wolf, J.H.. Cesarean Section: An American History of Risk, Technology and Consequence, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. 2018. 320 pp. $24.95 (pbk) ISBN: 978‐1‐4214‐2552‐8. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(6), 1491-1492. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13081
Women's, partners' and healthcare providers' views and experiences of assisted vaginal birth: a systematic mixed methods review.
Crossland, N., Kingdon, C., Balaam, M. -C., Betrán, A. P., & Downe, S. (2020). Women's, partners' and healthcare providers' views and experiences of assisted vaginal birth: a systematic mixed methods review.. Reproductive health, 17(1), 83. doi:10.1186/s12978-020-00915-w
Non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections: WHO recommendations.
Opiyo, N., Kingdon, C., Oladapo, O. T., Souza, J. P., Vogel, J. P., Bonet, M., . . . Betrán, A. P. (2020). Non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections: WHO recommendations.. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98(1), 66-68. doi:10.2471/blt.19.236729
2019
Optimising the use of caesarean section: a generic formative research protocol for implementation preparation.
Bohren, M. A., Opiyo, N., Kingdon, C., Downe, S., & Betrán, A. P. (2019). Optimising the use of caesarean section: a generic formative research protocol for implementation preparation.. Reproductive health, 16(1), 170. doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0827-1
Inequalities and stillbirth in the UK: a meta-narrative review
Kingdon, C., Roberts, D., Turner, M. A., Storey, C., Crossland, N., Finlayson, K. W., & Downe, S. (2019). Inequalities and stillbirth in the UK: a meta-narrative review. BMJ OPEN, 9(9). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029672
2018
Interventions targeted at health professionals to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections: a qualitative evidence synthesis.
Kingdon, C., Downe, S., & Betran, A. P. (2018). Interventions targeted at health professionals to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections: a qualitative evidence synthesis.. BMJ open, 8(12), e025073. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025073
What women think about consent to research at the time of an obstetric emergency: a qualitative study of the views of a cohort of World Maternal Antifibrinolytic Trial participants
Houghton, G., Kingdon, C., Dower, M., Shakur-Still, H., & Alfirevic, Z. (2018). What women think about consent to research at the time of an obstetric emergency: a qualitative study of the views of a cohort of World Maternal Antifibrinolytic Trial participants. BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, 125(13), 1744-1753. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15333
Interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections in healthy women and babies.
Betrán, A. P., Temmerman, M., Kingdon, C., Mohiddin, A., Opiyo, N., Torloni, M. R., . . . Downe, S. (2018). Interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections in healthy women and babies.. Lancet (London, England), 392(10155), 1358-1368. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31927-5
Prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for cesarean section in China: A mixed-methods systematic review.
Long, Q., Kingdon, C., Yang, F., Renecle, M. D., Jahanfar, S., Bohren, M. A., & Betran, A. P. (2018). Prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for cesarean section in China: A mixed-methods systematic review.. PLoS medicine, 15(10), e1002672. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002672
Non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section targeted at organisations, facilities and systems: Systematic review of qualitative studies.
Kingdon, C., Downe, S., & Betran, A. P. (2018). Non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section targeted at organisations, facilities and systems: Systematic review of qualitative studies.. PloS one, 13(9), e0203274. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203274
Women's and communities' views of targeted educational interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section: a qualitative evidence synthesis.
Kingdon, C., Downe, S., & Betran, A. P. (2018). Women's and communities' views of targeted educational interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section: a qualitative evidence synthesis.. Reproductive health, 15(1), 130. doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0570-z
2016
'We make them feel special': The experiences of voluntary sector workers supporting asylum seeking and refugee women during pregnancy and early motherhood.
Balaam, M. -C., Kingdon, C., Thomson, G., Finlayson, K., & Downe, S. (2016). 'We make them feel special': The experiences of voluntary sector workers supporting asylum seeking and refugee women during pregnancy and early motherhood.. Midwifery, 34, 133-140. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2015.12.003
Production
Kingdon, C. (2016). Production. In Social and Cultural Perspectives on Health, Technology and Medicine: Old Concepts, New Problems (pp. 68-85). doi:10.4324/9781315673882
Reproductive regimes: Governing gendered bodies
Ettorre, E., & Kingdon, C. (2016). Reproductive regimes: Governing gendered bodies. In The Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Healthcare (pp. 142-157). doi:10.1057/9780230290334_9
Social and Cultural Perspectives on Health, Technology and Medicine
Kierans, C., Bell, K., & Kingdon, C. (n.d.). Social and Cultural Perspectives on Health, Technology and Medicine. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315673882
Society
Kingdon, C. (2016). Society. In Social and Cultural Perspectives on Health, Technology and Medicine: Old Concepts, New Problems (pp. 30-49). doi:10.4324/9781315673882
2015
Obesity and normal birth: A qualitative study of clinician's management of obese pregnant women during labour.
Kerrigan, A., Kingdon, C., & Cheyne, H. (2015). Obesity and normal birth: A qualitative study of clinician's management of obese pregnant women during labour.. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 15, 256. doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0673-2
Seeing and Holding Baby: Systematic Review of Clinical Management and Parental Outcomes After Stillbirth
Kingdon, C., Givens, J. L., O'Donnell, E., & Turner, M. (2015). Seeing and Holding Baby: Systematic Review of Clinical Management and Parental Outcomes After Stillbirth. BIRTH-ISSUES IN PERINATAL CARE, 42(3), 206-218. doi:10.1111/birt.12176
The Role of Healthcare Professionals in Encouraging Parents to See and Hold Their Stillborn Baby: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies
Kingdon, C., O'Donnell, E., Givens, J., & Turner, M. (2015). The Role of Healthcare Professionals in Encouraging Parents to See and Hold Their Stillborn Baby: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies. PLOS ONE, 10(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130059
Systematic mixed-methods review of interventions, outcomes and experiences for imprisoned pregnant women.
Shaw, J., Downe, S., & Kingdon, C. (2015). Systematic mixed-methods review of interventions, outcomes and experiences for imprisoned pregnant women.. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(7), 1451-1463. doi:10.1111/jan.12605
Fathers' presence at caesarean section with general anaesthetic: evidence and debate.
Hugill, K., Kemp, I., & Kingdon, C. (2015). Fathers' presence at caesarean section with general anaesthetic: evidence and debate.. The practising midwife, 18(4), 19-22.
2014
Maternity assist: new midwifery-led digital information and communication support system to enhance maternity care.
Steen, M., & Kingdon, C. (2014). Maternity assist: new midwifery-led digital information and communication support system to enhance maternity care.. The practising midwife, 17(7), 7.
One to One midwives: First-year outcomes of a midwifery-led model
Collins, M., & Kingdon, C. (2014). One to One midwives: First-year outcomes of a midwifery-led model. British Journal of Midwifery, 22(1), 15-21. doi:10.12968/bjom.2014.22.1.15
The Stress and Wellbeing after Childbirth (STRAWB) Pilot Study
Slade, P., Weeks, A., Atherton, C., Kingdon, C., Lavender, T., Butters, J., . . . Lightfoot, A. (2014). The Stress and Wellbeing after Childbirth (STRAWB) Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE AND INFANT PSYCHOLOGY, 32(3), E13. Retrieved from https://www.webofscience.com/
2013
Correction.
Correction. (2013). BMJ open, 3(9), e002237corr1. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002237corr1
Bereaved parents' experience of stillbirth in UK hospitals: a qualitative interview study.
Downe, S., Schmidt, E., Kingdon, C., & Heazell, A. E. P. (2013). Bereaved parents' experience of stillbirth in UK hospitals: a qualitative interview study.. BMJ open, 3(2), e002237. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002237
2012
Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term
Lavender, T., Hofmeyr, G. J., Neilson, J. P., Kingdon, C., & Gyte, G. M. L. (2012). Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term. COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, (3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004660.pub3
Post-mortem examination after stillbirth: views of UK-based practitioners.
Downe, S., Kingdon, C., Kennedy, R., Norwell, H., McLaughlin, M. -J., & Heazell, A. E. P. (2012). Post-mortem examination after stillbirth: views of UK-based practitioners.. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 162(1), 33-37. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.02.002
Reproductive regimes: Governing gendered bodies
Ettorre, E., & Kingdon, C. (2012). Reproductive regimes: Governing gendered bodies. In The Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Healthcare, Second Edition (pp. 162-177). doi:10.1057/9781137295408_10
2011
Fathers in the birth room: what are they expecting and experiencing? A phenomenological study.
Longworth, H. L., & Kingdon, C. K. (2011). Fathers in the birth room: what are they expecting and experiencing? A phenomenological study.. Midwifery, 27(5), 588-594. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.013
2010
Maternal obesity and pregnancy: a retrospective study.
Kerrigan, A. M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternal obesity and pregnancy: a retrospective study.. Midwifery, 26(1), 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005
2009
Primigravid women's views of being approached to participate in a hypothetical term cephalic trial of planned vaginal birth versus planned cesarean birth.
Lavender, T., & Kingdon, C. (2009). Primigravid women's views of being approached to participate in a hypothetical term cephalic trial of planned vaginal birth versus planned cesarean birth.. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 36(3), 213-219. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536x.2009.00325.x
Choice and birth method: mixed-method study of caesarean delivery for maternal request
Kingdon, C., Neilson, J., Singleton, V., Gyte, G., Hart, A., Gabbay, M., & Lavender, T. (2009). Choice and birth method: mixed-method study of caesarean delivery for maternal request. BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, 116(7), 886-895. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02119.x
2008
Breech birth: Reviewing the evidence for external cephalic version and moxibustion
Steen, M., & Kingdon, C. (2008). Breech birth: Reviewing the evidence for external cephalic version and moxibustion. Evidence Based Midwifery, 6(4), 126-129.
Vaginal or caesarean delivery? How research has turned breech birth around
Steen, M., & Kingdon, C. (2008). Vaginal or caesarean delivery? How research has turned breech birth around. Evidence Based Midwifery, 6(3), 95-99.
Cochrane reviews with no trials: pointless or pragmatic?
Kingdon, C., & Lavender, T. (2008). Cochrane reviews with no trials: pointless or pragmatic?. British Journal of Midwifery, 16(1), 8-11. doi:10.12968/bjom.2008.16.1.27923
2006
Birth method: trial and error?
Lavender, T., Kingdon, C., Hart, A., Gyte, G., Gabbay, M., Alfirevic, Z., & Neilson, J. (2006). Birth method: trial and error?. The practising midwife, 9(9), 12-16.
Systematic review of nulliparous women's views of planned cesarean birth: the missing component in the debate about a term cephalic trial.
Kingdon, C., Baker, L., & Lavender, T. (2006). Systematic review of nulliparous women's views of planned cesarean birth: the missing component in the debate about a term cephalic trial.. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 33(3), 229-237. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536x.2006.00108.x
Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term.
Lavender, T., Hofmeyr, G. J., Neilson, J. P., Kingdon, C., & Gyte, G. M. L. (2006). Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term.. In Unknown Book (pp. CD004660). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004660.pub2
Caesarean delivery at maternal request: Why we should promote normal birth
Lavender, T., & Kingdon, C. (2006). Caesarean delivery at maternal request: Why we should promote normal birth. British Journal of Midwifery, 14(5), 302-303. doi:10.12968/bjom.2006.14.5.21055
2005
Could a randomised trial answer the controversy relating to elective caesarean section? National survey of consultant obstetricians and heads of midwifery
Lavender, T., Kingdon, C., Hart, A., Gyte, G., Gabbay, M., & Neilson, J. P. (2005). Could a randomised trial answer the controversy relating to elective caesarean section? National survey of consultant obstetricians and heads of midwifery. BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 331(7515), 490-491. doi:10.1136/bmj.38560.572639.3A
Postnatal care: what matters to midwives
Cattrell, R., Lavender, T., Wallymahmed, A., Kingdon, C., & Riley, J. (2005). Postnatal care: what matters to midwives. British Journal of Midwifery, 13(4), 206-213. doi:10.12968/bjom.2005.13.4.17978
2004
Enhancing clients' rights and quality of care
Lavender, T., Briscoe, L., Downe, S., & Kingdon, C. (2004). Enhancing clients' rights and quality of care. British Journal of Midwifery, 12(3), 142-143. doi:10.12968/bjom.2004.12.3.12377
Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term
Lavender, T., Hofmeyr, G. J., Neilson, J. P., Kingdon, C., & Gyte, G. (n.d.). Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term. In T. Lavender (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004660
2003
Who's choosing caesarean section?
Kingdon, C., Lavender, T., Gyte, G., Cattrell, R., Singleton, V., & Nielson, J. (2003). Who's choosing caesarean section?. British Journal of Midwifery, 11(6), 391. doi:10.12968/bjom.2003.11.6.11402