This is covered well in

As ever in neurophysiology, try not to get bogged down with the anatomy.

This was a concept introduced by the ancient Greeks, and has little to recommend it. The main senses are shown below. Many neurophysiologists would include proprioception in the list - particularly the muscle receptors.

The simplest form of transduction is that shown by the molecular receptor, for instance those involved with

The alternatively, the deformation of the terminal region of the neurone can lead to a graded receptor potential as is the case in

A further alternative is when a change in temperature shifts the balance between an inhibitory process (e.g. the sodium/potassium pump) and an excitatory process (e.g. the inward "leakage" of calcium).

Transduction mechanisms are covered in Chapter 3 of Carpenter and chapter 23 of Kandel. But the level at which they have been covered in the lectures is as deep as you need to go. Provided, that is, that you understand the Generator potential in terms of ionic mechanisms (Nernst equation and so on). Once a threshold potential is reached, then the voltage activate sodium channels open in the usual way, and an action potential, or train of action potentials occur.

You should try to relate the location and the anatomy of the receptors to their characteristics described in most physiology textbooks.

These are treated well in most physiology textbooks. The one important detail that you should know, as mentioned in the lectures, is the observation that different sensory modalities are transmitted along fibres of different diameter and conduction velocity. This has consequences in the way that different sensations are perceived, it also means that if we know the conduction velocity of a given fibre we can predict the sensory modality it carries.

The Table below is derived from Bray (p.143) and Carpenter (p.32). Carpenter is especially good on this topic.