From Preston Chronicle, Sat 29 June 1839
DIVERS AT BLACKPOOL.
  An operation of great interest is now
going on, and will probably be continued for some weeks, in the recovery, by
a party of divers, of part of the cargo of the Crusader, a vessel which was
wrecked on the Horse Bank, near the month of the Ribble, in the tremendous
storm of the 7th January last. This vessel left Liverpool on the previous
day laden with a general cargo for the East Indies. The crew were all saved,
and our readers will remember the account we gave at the time of the plunder
by the Fylde wreckers of part of the cargo which was washed on shore.
  A
portion of the vessel still remains together, deeply imbedded in the sand, and
at low water part of it is visible. It was ascertained by the examination of a
diver that a good deal of the cargo was still there, and the party now at work
are engaged by the underwriters to recover it. In the course of the last
fortnight they have succeeded in getting up a considerable number of bales
both of cotton and silk goods. Two small vessels are moored immediately
above the wreck, containing the necessary apparatus for the divers, and for
hauling up the goods; there are three divers, and not less than thirty men in
attendance upon them for the various purposes of working the air-pump,
attending to the signals, and hauling and stowing the goods, etc.
  The head of
each diver is covered by a helmet of thin sheet copper, large enough to admit
of the easy motion of the head, and capable of containing between six and
eight gallons of air. The helmet comes pretty far down on the breast and back,
and has in front two eye-holes, covered with glass, protected by brass wires.
The copper helmet is attached to a water-proof canvass jacket, by means of
rivets, so tightly fixed that no water can be introduced to the body of the
diver. The junction of the helmet and jacket is stuffed, so that it may clasp
the shoulders of the diver firmly. A leather belt passes round the diver, to
which are attached two weights - one before and the other behind - each weighing
about 40lbs. These weights are attached in order that the diver may descend
with facility; but, in case of any accident occurring when he is at the
bottom, the belt is fastened with a buckle in front, which he can instantly
unloose, and rise to the surface after the dropping of the weights.
  The diver
is supplied with fresh air by means of a flexible waterproof pipe, which
enters the back of the helmet, and communicates with an air pump, wrought
above in the vessel from which the diver descends. The tube passes under the
left arm of the diver, and, turning upwards, enters the back of the helmet,
being so contrived that the fresh air is made to impinge against the glasses,
which, in a great measure, prevents their being dimmed by the moisture of the
breath. From the back part of the helmet, there is likewise led an eduction
pipe, to allow the escape of the breathed air. In order that the diver may
give notice to the attendants at the top, when he requires a hook, tackle,
bucket, or any difference in the supply of fresh air, he is furnished with
a signal line, which passes under his right arm. That he may be as comfortable
as possible under water, he puts on two suits of flannel, above which he has a
complete dress, in one piece, of Mackintosh's waterproof cloth. The
waterproof dress covers the body entirely - the only apertures being at the neck
and wrists. The opening at the neck comes comes well up, and is tied round
tightly with a bandage; which contrivance together with the pressure of
the air in the helmet, prevents the water from entering the helmet, and the
wrists are, likewise, tightly bound with bandages.
 The diver is thus
enabled to remain for five or six hours at once under water, all the while
perfectly dry, his motion being rendered quite steady by heavy weights
attached to his shoes. With this apparatus, the divers may now be seen daily at
work at the wreck of the Crusader: they plunge into the water, and, shortly
afterwards, bundles of twist, bales of goods, etc., externally blackened and
torn, are drawn up from the sea. The situation of the diver is known by the
bubbles on the surface of the water. The work is evidently very severe, and the
divers come up much exhausted.
Postscript: The above seems to be a description of something
similar to what was known as the "open" diving apparatus, patented
and used by the Deane Brothers from the early 1830s. The visit of Charles Deane to
Liverpool in 1836 was followed by a sale in 1837 of a Deane diving apparatus to
the Liverpool Dock Board - these early Deane sets had a helmet with two
glass viewports (later ones had three). So perhaps divers from Liverpool
were involved in the salvage of the Crusader.
  The "closed" version was introduced by
Augustus Siebe in 1837, following input from others. His standard
helmet had one forward facing window and two side windows. It became the
basic design for many years afterwards.