Ship Annie Jane lost 1853

Full rigged ship Annie Jane, built Quebec 1853, wooden, 3 masts.
1294 gross tons, 179 x 32 ft, owned Thomas Holderness of Liverpool.
Fitted out in Liverpool to take emigrants, 3 decks, maiden voyage with passengers.
Voyage Liverpool to Quebec with emigrants and a cargo of iron rails and barrels of meat.
She was dismasted and disabled by gales and driven ashore on West Bay, Vatersay Island, just south of Barra on 28 September 1853.
Captain Thomas Mason and crew (of 35-48) plus around 415 passengers - only 102 survived, about 348 lost.
A stone memorial stands on the edge of the bay [now called Traigh Siar which means West Beach].
Over 250 bodies were recovered and were buried in a mass grave nearby.
Since 1991, Vatersay is joined by a causeway to Barra.
It is plausible that Captain Mason was seeking a passage through the Islands - and knew of Vatersay Sound which was navigable (with difficulty since narrow and with some rocks) between Vatersay and Barra. He may have thought that the nearby West Bay on Vatersay was this sound.

For ongoing research into the crew and passengers, etc see here.

Newspaper account of wreck; Report of inquiry.

Painting of the Annie Jane [National Maritime Museum, thought to be by Liverpool artist Joseph Heard]

Comprehensive contemporary report from Liverpool Mercury Tuesday 11 October 1853 [some possible typos are corrected from accounts in other nespapers]:

WRECK OF THE EMIGRANT SHIP ANNIE JANE, AND GREAT LOSS OF LIFE. It is with regret we have to record the wreck of the emigrant Ship Annie Jane, which took place on the 28th ult. on the island of Barra, off the west coast of Scotland. The Annie Jane was one of Messrs. Holderness and Chilton's American line of packets. She was commanded by Captain Mason. It is said that she had on board 415 passengers and a crew of about 35 seamen; of the passengers only 78 were saved, and of the crew 24.

About 30 of the survivors arrived here [Liverpool] on Sunday last in the Princess Royal, from Glasgow. Several of the crew are staying at the Sailor's home, and from inquiries made there, we learnt that the Annie Jane sailed from this port on Wednesday, 23rd of August last, having on board the passengers and crew above named. On the 25th [August], she met with a heavy gale, and, owing to the bad stowing of her cargo, rolled so heavily to windward that she carried away her fore and mizen topmasts. The passengers then begged the Captain to put back to Liverpool, which he did.
  After refitting, she sailed again on the 9th ult., and on the 12th [September], at four p.m., met another gale, which carried away her fore and mizen topmasts and lower mast-heads; they then had to cut away the jibboom to clear the ship of the wreck. She lay to for two days, and they rigged a jury foreyard, got a sail upon it, and, at the renewed solicitation of the passengers, the captain again put back for Liverpool; but when night came, he put the ship about for Quebec, being persuaded, it is said, by another captain on board to continue the voyage. When this became known, it caused a great sensation amongst the passengers, who remonstrated with the captain, but he expressed his determination to proceed. On the 21st they encountered another gale, and lost the maintopsail, mainyard, and had to cut away the maintopmast, the ship rolling so much that the chain cable was dashed from one side of the deck to the other, making a noise like thunder, which, mingled with the shrieks of the passengers, was fearful. One of the seamen, a Canadian, had his legs broken by getting them entangled with the chain. They then continued drifting, as the ship was nearly unmanageable in such a gale, until the night of the 28th [September], when they sighted the island of Barra, and the captain, seeing that the ship must go ashore, steered for a small sandy bay, where she struck at about 20 minutes past twelve, at first lightly, and then so heavily, that the bottom parted from the top sides, the passengers screaming dreadfully the whole of the time. After striking the second time, she turned broadside on to the sea, which made a clear breach over her, carrying away those passengers who were unable to hold on. The majority of the passengers were drowned in attempting to swim on shore, and by the capsizing of the boats into which they sprang. It is thought that had the passengers stood by the vessel, they would all have been saved; for as she went on shore on the top of high water, she was left high and dry by the receding tide, and those who then remained on board escaped. When the vessel struck there was a large number of passengers in the cabin, which filled immediately with water, drowning many of the unfortunate people who had fled there as a place of refuge. It is said that the companion way was blocked up with dead bodies, and one of the survivors only escaped by making his way through the skylight. The total number of persons saved, including passengers and crew, is stated to be 102, and the number missing, about 285. The chief mate and boatswain are supposed to be lost. The captain and chief officer are amongst those saved. It is said that the captain remained on the wreck for several hours after the vessel struck, using his best endeavours to save those on board. Those of the rescued who have arrived in Liverpool stayed five days on the island, suffering great privations from want of food and accommodation, They then sailed in a small boat for Tobermory, where they waited three days for a steamboat to carry them to Glasgow, whence they obtained a free passage to Liverpool, on board of the Princess Royal. During the passage here a subscription was raised for the sufferers. The names of the passengers who arrived at Tobermory are:
  John Kingston, county Cork; George brother to the former; Timothy Dineur, county Cork; Thomas Edmiston, county Antrim; Alexander M'Cormick, county Armagh; Martha Twearing, county Cork; and some French Canadians.
  The crew are James Boyd, James Marshal[Marshall], of Quebec; Charles Carrall [Garrett], Bay of Chaleur; Thomas Gemmel [Halcrow], Joseph Miller [Leuniel], Antonio Ligett[Antoine Lizotte], of Quebec; Charles Burdow[Brown] of New York; James Wood[Hood] and Charles Burnett, of Dundee. Only three of the cabin passengers were saved.

The island of Barra is one of the Hebrides, and at the point where the wreck occurred is six miles in length, two-and-a-half broad, and lies about five miles south-west of the adjacent island, Uist. The inhabitants are mostly employed in the cod-fishing trade. There is a lighthouse on the head, which is the highest in the United Kingdom, being 680 feet above the level of the sea. Such is the terrible character of the coast, however, that there is little chance of a vessel being rescued when once it is entangled amongst the reefs. The islanders used their best exertions to save the lives of the people on board the vessel, and treated those who were rescued with the greatest kindness.

The following additional statements are from seamen who belonged to the vessel:-

The Annie Jane, Captain Mason, from Liverpool, bound for Quebec, with 500 emigrants and iron rails, left the former port some six weeks ago. After being at sea three weeks, she returned to Liverpool, with loss of mizenmast and other spars; at this time 100 emigrants left the ship. After being refitted, she went to sea again, with six additional able seamen, as she was found short of hands. For 13 days nothing occurred, except that the ship met rough weather, till the 15th of September, when the ship was overtaken in a gale and lost her mainmast. Captain Mason ordered the ship to be put before the wind till a temporary mast was erected, and intended to make for Liverpool, but was advised by a sea captain, who went from Liverpool as a passenger, to try and make for his destination. The ship then hove-to for eight days, and lost all her upper spars, becoming quite unmanageable. She was ordered to run before the wind on the 23rd of September, and came in sight of Barra lighthouse on Wednesday, the 28th. The captain and crew struggled hard to get to windward of the island, but, as the evening approached, it was clear that the island could not be weathered. The ship's head was, therefore, directed towards a flat sandy beach, and she struck, about twelve o'clock at night, with such fearful violence that all her framework started, shutting in her cabin doors, so that the passengers then in the cabin could not get out. Another huge breaker struck on her quarter, and the poop deck sank, crushing some 200 emigrants to death. In ten minutes more, the ship was in pieces. It was most heart-rending to hear the shrieks of 300 human beings struggling for life. The poop's deck by this time floated, and 100 of the emigrants and sailors found standing room on this fragment; many of them perished with cold, or were smothered under the trampling of others, About daybreak, the tide ebbed, and left the fragment high and dry, when 102 walked ashore, 348 having been killed or drowned in 15 minutes the previous night. The bulk of the emigrants were from Scotland, a good number from Ireland, some Germans and a few French.
  The ship's crew were Canadians, except six taken in at Liverpool. Ten sailors and the mate, all Canadian, were drowned. The boatswain, from Dumbarton, on the Clyde, was also drowned. All the survivors speak with the highest praise of the conduct of the boatswain. Thirty seamen have arrived from Barra, per the steamer Chevalier to Oban, and proceed to Glasgow. Captain M'Donnell granted a free passage to Glasgow, and £7 was collected on the steamer for the distressed seamen.
  - CHARLES BURNETT, Sailor, Dundee. JAMES BOYD, carpenter, Quebec.

The steamer Chevalier, on her passage to Glasgow from the Highlands, on Thursday, the 6th instant, took on board at Tobermory 30 men, part of the crew and passengers of the emigrant ship Annie Jane, of Liverpool, which was wrecked on Vatersay, one of the western isles, on Thursday, the 29th ultimo.

Thomas Halcroo [Halcrow], a intelligent Canadian seaman, and others of the shipwrecked crew, gave the following narrative:-

The ship Annie Jane, of Liverpool, 1300 tons burthen, belonging to Messrs. Holderness and Chilton, commanded by Captain Mason, sailed from Liverpool for Quebec on the 9th of September, with about 410 passengers, including children. chiefly emigrants, and a crew of about 40 men, - mostly Canadians. They lost sight of the Irish coast on Sunday the 11th, and the following morning the foretopmast and the jibboom were carried away. Thus crippled, in expectation of better weather, the course for Quebec was continued until the morning of Thursday, the 22nd, when about lat. 60° north and lon. 17° west, they lost the maintopmast, with the mainyard. The captain then strove to return with such sails as could be got up on the remaining masts. On Wednesday they came in sight of Barra Head, and the light was seen the same night. The wind increased, and blowing hard from northwest at night, being unable to weather the land, they attempted to pass between the islands, and fairly went on shore on a sandy beach, between two Islands, on the west side of Vatersay, an island on the south of Barra. The ship struck the ground soon after midnight, when a dreadful scene followed. Turning broadside to land, she parted almost immediately, the remainder of the masts going overboard in succession, and the boats being washed away. The poop (which was very large) and the forecastle parted from the wreck and drifted on the shore, and from these parts all who escaped gained the land when the tide receded - three on the forecastle and the rest on the poop.
  Of the passengers and emigrants on board 66 were saved, including 15 women, one of whom rescued her infant child four months old, one of twins, the other being washed out of her arms and lost. The captain and about 35 of the crew escaped, the first mate being lost.
  There were about 20 cabin passengers; among these some Swiss gentlemen. Of these eight were lost, including Captain Rose and his wife. Captain Rose was on his way to take charge of a ship for the owners of the Annie Jane.
  Before the sailors left the island, 250 dead bodies had been recovered and buried upon the island; among these were the bodies of Captain Rose and his lady.
  The shipwrecked sailors arrived at Tobermory on Monday in the sloop Maria, and was taken care of by the agent of that excellent institution, the Fishermen's Shipwreck Society, and had a free passage given them by the owners of the Chevalier.
  Many of the emigrants were natives of Ireland; one these, a young lad, has lost 15 of his relatives in the wreck.
  Captain Hall, who was visiting the western islands for the purpose of establishing sailors' homes, found the unfortunate shipwrecked crew at Tobermory (Island of Mull). They all were present at the meeting, when arrangements were immediately made to establish a sailors' home. A large sum was subscribed, and a committee appointed to carry it out.

The following letter was received by the owners from Capt. Mason: it was addressed to Mr. J.H. Holderness

Dear sir, - I am sorry to inform you of the total loss of the Annie Jane, with about three-fourths of the passengers and crew aboard, which happened on the night of the 28th September, during a heavy gale from the westward, and which prevented me from clearing the land on either tack, the ship having been dismasted 36 hours after leaving Liverpool. I three times got up spars on the stumps of the lower masts, but lost them shortly after, owing to violent gales which have continued ever since I left Liverpool. I was drifted as far as lat. 60N. One hundred and two are all that are saved on board; only three cabin passengers remain. Capt. Rose, Mrs Rose and the boy servant have been found and interred. About 230 in all have been washed ashore. I have engaged boats to take the survivors to the main land. By one of them I am sending this note. The ship was broken to atoms in five minutes - and all the cargo out of the ship. It was six hours before I came on shore on part of the poop deck, very much bruised. Some of the cargo has been washed up, but nothing of much value; but the islanders are saving all that they can, and have been very kind to all of us.
  I will write you more fully by the next post that comes across, which will be in two or three days.-
  Yours, etc., WILLIAM MASON.
  P.S. - I sent a list of passengers saved, three days ago, by a different route. Anfield [steward] and Markham[2nd mate] are both saved.

From Liverpool Mercury 27 June 1854
GOVERNMENT INQUIRY INTO THE LOSS OF THE ANNIE JANE EMIGRANT VESSEL.
  Captain Beechey, the gentleman who was instructed by the board of trade to ascertain, by investigation, the circumstances which led to the appalling wreck of the emigrant ship the Annie Jane, on her voyage from Liverpool to Quebec, in September last, when about 300 human beings perished, has recently furnished his report, which is now made public.

The investigation was directed in consequence of a memorial, mistakenly addressed to Lord Palmerston, by 24 passengers saved from the wreck, and which his lordship sent to the board of trade. The memorial set forth complaints to the effect:

That the Annie Jane was laden with an enormous quantity of railway iron; that she took on board between 400 and 500 steerage passengers; that, she went on her voyage to Quebec with this most dangerous cargo, but doubly dangerous combined with human freight, and with every danger increased tenfold by the voyage taking place in the most stormy period of the year; that the passengers were cheated of their proper quantity of provisions; that on account of the serious damage the vessel received from rolling and straining, occasioned by the quantity of iron with which she was improperly laden, and on account of apparent unseaworthiness, the passengers succeeded in persuading the captain to return to Liverpool, and sent a deputation to the government emigration agent at Liverpool, to acquaint him with the nature of their complaints, and to solicit inquiry and redress; that, being fully aware of the danger to their lives if they went on in the same vessel, they wanted their passage money back; that they applied to the owners on the subject, and were met by a refusal; that their application to the government emigration agent at Liverpool was of no practical benefit, and that they were obliged again to go to sea in the Annie Jane, after she had only been roughly overhauled and refitted, the alternative being: re-embarking in this vessel, or perishing in the streets of Liverpool from starvation; that the universally expressed opinion was they had been ill-treated, not only by the owners as regarded accommodation and provisions, but also by the emigration agent at Liverpool, who passed the ship in the most careless and superficial manner, and who paid no sufficient attention to the reiterated complaints of the passengers; that the Annie Jane, a second time, proceeded to sea, and within three or four days again lost her masts, lifeboat, compass, etc; that destruction being inevitable if the voyage was continued, a petition from the whole of the emigrant passengers was presented to the captain, praying him to turn back, the petitioners agreeing to forfeit all their passage money rather than again jeopardise their lives; that the captain pitched the petition contemptuously into the sea, threatened to shoot any one who made further application to him, and actually allowed the vessel to drift on for nine days towards Quebec without masts or sails, until, it becoming quite evident the vessel must founder, the course was altered, and then the vessel, after being five weeks out, was guided upon Barra Island at twelve o'clock at night, where she instantly knocked her bottom out, owing to the enormous dead weight of iron, and in a very short time broke into pieces, smashing and drowning all on board but 101 persons.

The inquiry was opened at Liverpool, on the 1st of November; but reporters for the newspapers were not present. Captain Beechey was attended by T. C. Murdock Esq., the chairman of the emigration commissioners. Twenty three witnesses were examined, including the owner of the Annie Jane; the captain of the vessel; Captain Schomberg, the government agent in Liverpool; Lieutenant Prior, first assistant emigration officer at this port; R. N. James, government surveyor; and William Haselden, government emigration surveyor. The declaration of William Hendrie, a steerage passenger, was received in evidence, and other testimony was given in support of the passengers' complaints.

Captain Beechey, in his résumé of the evidence, which is comprised in his official report, states, with respect to the complaints of the passengers, that

the complaints were heard in the proper quarter; and, as regards the provisions, adjusted by the owner with great liberality, paying each of the passengers compensation for the injury he complained of, although it did not appear to the emigration officer that he was called upon to make the payments to the extent which he did.
After dwelling upon the events which the witnesses examined, in reply to the allegations in the memorial stated had led to the wreck, Captain Beechey goes on to say -
From a careful review of the evidence, which I have been at much pains to collect from the captain and crew, as well as from the emigrants themselves, there can be no doubt that the loss of the Annie Jane was occasioned by her having taken on board a cargo of iron without care having been observed in its stowage. Under these disastrous circumstances, she had a crew who, though in appearances were more than ordinarily good, were not sufficient for such a vessel, especially at such a season of the year; and were besides partly composed of Canadians, who, with few exceptions, were afraid to go aloft at sea, and who either would not or could not understand the orders that were given.
After referring to the evidence of the master, who was strongly of opinion that vessels carrying cargoes of iron should not be allowed to embark passengers, he adds -
But without attaching to this opinion more importance than it deserves, I am disposed to insist on a more rigid supervision of the stowage of the ship. I am aware that the vessels which embark passengers at Liverpool are so numerous that it is impossible for the present staff of emigrant officers to exercise a satisfactory supervision in this particular, and would strongly advise the appointment of licensed stevedores, who should be required to render the government officer a rough statement of the manner in which the cargo is stowed, and if stowed improperly to represent it, and, if not remedied, to withhold the certificate. The powers, with which the emigration officers are armed at present, are sufficient for this purpose if they are freely exercised, and the officers firmly supported.
Captain Beechey then says -
Though it did not fall within his province to remark upon the matters which merely concerned the comfort and accommodation of passengers, yet, in compliance with the wishes of the emigration commissioners, he would say that the complaint of the unduly crowded state of the vessel did not at all appear to be well founded, but the vessel did appear to be in a disgraceful condition after she cleared from land, from the temporary nature of the fittings. To go farther into the question would only be to open out the inconveniences and miseries of emigrant ships.
Captain Beechey then briefly exonerates the captain for proceeding on the voyage after the passengers had petitioned him to return; and he attributes their complaints to their ignorance of what it was best to be done for their safety in a ship so disabled.
The expression "To Quebec or the bottom," made use of by the captain, and the threat of "shooting any one who attempted to take his ship from him", was done under excitement, with a secret determination to put the ship round when he could. He thinks, however, it was the duty of the captain to return when the ship was so crippled. After speaking of the difficult nature of the duty of emigrant officers, and the responsibility of detaining a ship, he suggests that the responsibility ought to be encountered of refusing a claim for inefficient performance of particulars, as this appears to be the only way in which a diminution of the numerous complaints, and more serious casualties, which have of late befallen vessels, employed in the service such as that which the Annie Jane was engaged, can be effected.
Capt. Beechey concludes with a compliment to the emigration commissioners, for their readiness in furnishing every information that was required connected with the duties of the officers.