The module explores the music economy as a set of practices in which demand for music outcomes (songs, performances of songs, recordings of songs) are reconciled with the supply of songs and performances initiated by musicians. Historically, the recording industry has dominated these practices but the impact of digital technology on music demand (and changes in how demand is conceived and expressed) has re-configured relations among the key music industries of recording, live performance and music publishing. In turn, this re-configuration is manifested in the decline of formerly dominant music companies and the rise of new music companies. Further, the music economy as a whole has been opened up to impacts from beyond music – whether in the form of ‘tech’ companies (such as Apple, Google, Amazon, Facebook and so on) or in the need of musicians and music companies to form alliances with commercial companies beyond the digital sphere. Further still, as transformations in demand associated with digital technology show no sign of waning, the music economy is now continuously turbulent; this turbulence impacts unrelentingly on music industry and must be understood by students should they seek careers in music.